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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome. Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form dimers that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Novel RNA-Binding Proteins Isolation by the RaPID Methodology

Novel RNA-Binding Proteins Isolation by the RaPID Methodology

Published on: September 30, 2016

Jarid2 and PRC2, partners in regulating gene expression.

Gang Li¹, Raphael Margueron, Manching Ku

¹Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University Medical School, New York, New York 10016, USA.

Genes & Development

|February 4, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Jarid2 protein binds to Polycomb-Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) and enhances its gene silencing activity. This interaction is crucial for Polycomb group protein function in embryonic stem cells and development.

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Novel RNA-Binding Proteins Isolation by the RaPID Methodology

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RNA-Associated Chromatin DNA-DNA Interaction Method

RNA-Associated Chromatin DNA-DNA Interaction Method

Published on: April 30, 2026

Area of Science:

Epigenetics
Molecular Biology
Developmental Biology

Background:

Polycomb group proteins regulate gene expression essential for development.
Polycomb-Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) mediates gene silencing through histone methylation.
The mechanism of mammalian PRC2 chromatin recruitment remains largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of Jarid2 in PRC2 function and chromatin association.
To elucidate how PRC2 is recruited to target genes in mammalian cells.

Main Methods:

In vitro enzymatic activity assays.
In vivo recruitment studies using gene targeting and knockdown approaches.
Co-localization studies in embryonic stem (ES) cells using immunofluorescence.

Main Results:

Jarid2 associates with PRC2 and enhances its H3K27 methyltransferase activity.
Jarid2 directly recruits PRC2 to target gene promoters, increasing H3K27me2/3 levels.
Jarid2 and PRC2 exhibit interdependent promoter recruitment in ES cells.

Conclusions:

Jarid2 acts as a crucial non-enzymatic component that facilitates PRC2 chromatin targeting and activity.
The Jarid2-PRC2 interaction is vital for proper gene silencing, ES cell differentiation, and Oct4 silencing.