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Related Concept Videos

Photoelectric Effect02:26

Photoelectric Effect

When light of a particular wavelength strikes a metal surface, electrons are emitted. This is called the photoelectric effect. The minimum frequency of light that can cause such emission of electrons is called the threshold frequency, which is specific to the metal. Light with a frequency lower than the threshold frequency, even if it is of high intensity, cannot initiate the emission of electrons. However, when the frequency is higher than the threshold value, the number of electrons ejected...

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A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
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Published on: September 5, 2019

Pioneer imaging photopolarimeter optical system.

S F Pellicori, E E Russell, L A Watts

    Applied Optics
    |February 4, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Pioneer 10

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    Area of Science:

    • Planetary Science
    • Spacecraft Instrumentation
    • Optical Physics

    Background:

    • The Pioneer 10 mission aimed to explore Jupiter.
    • Understanding Jupiter's atmosphere and radiation environment required advanced imaging and photometry.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe the imaging photopolarimeter instrument on Pioneer 10.
    • To detail its capabilities for observing Jupiter and surviving space conditions.

    Main Methods:

    • The instrument features moderate resolution spin-scan imaging.
    • It provides high-precision polarimetric and photometric mapping in red and blue light.
    • Variable field of view (0.50–40 mrad) and high dynamic range (>10^8) were incorporated.

    Main Results:

    • Optical materials were selected for minimal degradation during the 2-year journey and Jovian radiation belt transit.
    • Detailed descriptions of optics, operational systems, and calibration procedures are provided.
    • Preliminary flight results and performance characteristics are presented.

    Conclusions:

    • The imaging photopolarimeter was designed to meet the demanding requirements of the Pioneer 10 Jupiter mission.
    • The instrument demonstrated robust performance and provided valuable data for planetary studies.