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The Kinetic Model of Gases

The Kinetic Model of Gases

The kinetic model of gases explains the properties of a perfect gas using three main assumptions: molecules move in ceaseless random motion, their size is negligible compared to the distances between them, and they do not interact except during perfectly elastic collisions. The total energy of a gas is the sum of the kinetic energies of all its constituent molecules. The pressure exerted by the gas arises from the continual bombardment of the container walls by billions of colliding molecules.

Kinetic Molecular Theory: Molecular Velocities, Temperature, and Kinetic Energy

Kinetic Molecular Theory: Molecular Velocities, Temperature, and Kinetic Energy

The kinetic molecular theory qualitatively explains the behaviors described by the various gas laws. The postulates of this theory may be applied in a more quantitative fashion to derive these individual laws.

Basic Postulates of Kinetic Molecular Theory: Particle Size, Energy, and Collision

Basic Postulates of Kinetic Molecular Theory: Particle Size, Energy, and Collision

The ideal-gas equation, which is empirical, describes the behavior of gases by establishing relationships between their macroscopic properties. For example, Charles’ law states that volume and temperature are directly related. Gases, therefore, expand when heated at constant pressure. Although gas laws explain how the macroscopic properties change relative to one another, it does not explain the rationale behind it.

Kinetic Theory of an Ideal Gas

Kinetic Theory of an Ideal Gas

A mole is defined as the amount of any substance that contains as many molecules as there are atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12. An Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro (1776–1856) formed the hypothesis that equal volumes of gas at equal pressure and temperature contain equal numbers of molecules, independent of the type of gas. Later, the hypothesis was developed to form the SI unit for measuring the amount of any substance.
The number of molecules in one mole is called Avogadro's number...

Kinetic Molecular Theory and Gas Laws Explain Properties of Gas Molecules

Kinetic Molecular Theory and Gas Laws Explain Properties of Gas Molecules

The test of the kinetic molecular theory (KMT) and its postulates is its ability to explain and describe the behavior of a gas. The various gas laws (Boyle’s, Charles’s, Gay-Lussac’s, Avogadro’s, and Dalton’s laws) can be derived from the assumptions of the KMT, which have led chemists to believe that the assumptions of the theory accurately represent the properties of gas molecules.

Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas

Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas

When an ideal gas is compressed adiabatically, that is, without adding heat, work is done on it, and its temperature increases. In an adiabatic expansion, the gas does work, and its temperature drops. Adiabatic compressions actually occur in the cylinders of a car, where the compressions of the gas-air mixture take place so quickly that there is no time for the mixture to exchange heat with its environment. Nevertheless, because work is done on the mixture during the compression, its...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Combustion Chemistry of Fuels: Quantitative Speciation Data Obtained from an Atmospheric High-temperature Flow Reactor with Coupled Molecular-beam Mass Spectrometer

Combustion Chemistry of Fuels: Quantitative Speciation Data Obtained from an Atmospheric High-temperature Flow Reactor with Coupled Molecular-beam Mass Spectrometer

Published on: February 19, 2018

Kinetic model for thermal blooming in the atmosphere.

H E Bass, H J Bauer

|February 4, 2010

Summary

A new kinetic model explains atmospheric heating near infrared laser beams. This model, applied to carbon dioxide (CO2) laser propagation, links kinetic processes to temperature increases in a still atmosphere.

Area of Science:

Atmospheric Physics
Laser-Matter Interactions
Chemical Kinetics

Background:

Infrared (IR) laser propagation can induce atmospheric heating.
Understanding the kinetic processes governing this heating is crucial for atmospheric modeling.
Existing models may not fully capture the translational heating dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose a kinetic model for atmospheric translational heating.
To develop a theoretical framework linking kinetic models to temperature rise.
To apply the model to specific IR laser scenarios, such as CO2 laser propagation.

Main Methods:

Development of a kinetic model focusing on translational energy transfer.
Formulation of a theoretical approach to connect kinetic phenomena with atmospheric temperature changes.

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Experimental Methodology for Estimation of Local Heat Fluxes and Burning Rates in Steady Laminar Boundary Layer Diffusion Flames

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Published on: June 1, 2016

Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry

Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry

Published on: August 1, 2017

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Combustion Chemistry of Fuels: Quantitative Speciation Data Obtained from an Atmospheric High-temperature Flow Reactor with Coupled Molecular-beam Mass Spectrometer

Combustion Chemistry of Fuels: Quantitative Speciation Data Obtained from an Atmospheric High-temperature Flow Reactor with Coupled Molecular-beam Mass Spectrometer

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Experimental Methodology for Estimation of Local Heat Fluxes and Burning Rates in Steady Laminar Boundary Layer Diffusion Flames

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Published on: June 1, 2016

Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry

Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry

Published on: August 1, 2017

Application and validation of the model using 10.6-micrometer carbon dioxide (CO2) laser radiation data.

Main Results:

The proposed kinetic model successfully accounts for translational heating.
The theoretical framework provides a method to quantify temperature rise due to laser interaction.
The model demonstrates applicability to CO2 laser atmospheric propagation.

Conclusions:

The developed kinetic model offers a robust explanation for atmospheric heating near IR laser beams.
The theoretical approach is effective in linking kinetic processes to observable temperature increases.
The study validates the model's utility in analyzing CO2 laser-induced atmospheric effects.