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Related Concept Videos

Boundary Layer Characteristics01:18

Boundary Layer Characteristics

When a fluid encounters a solid surface, a boundary layer forms due to the interaction between the fluid's motion and the stationary surface. This phenomenon is characterized by a thin region adjacent to the surface where viscous forces dominate, influencing the fluid's velocity profile. The development of the boundary layer begins at the leading edge of the surface and evolves as the fluid moves downstream.As the fluid flows over the surface, friction between the fluid and the wall slows down...
Plane Potential Flows01:23

Plane Potential Flows

Plane potential flows simplify fluid motion by assuming the fluid to be irrotational and incompressible. These characteristics allow these flows to be described by a velocity potential function, ϕ, representing the flow speed in a given direction, and a stream function, ψ, that visualizes the flow path, both governed by Laplace's equation. These parameters help in estimating flow patterns, velocity distributions, and pressure fields around various hydraulic structures.
Uniform Flow
Uniform flow...
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used.
Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP–MS): Overview01:19

Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP–MS): Overview

In inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS), an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) torch is used as an atomizer and ionizer. Solid samples are dissolved and volatilized before being introduced into the high-temperature argon plasma, while solution samples are nebulized and passed through the high-temperature argon plasma. Plasma dissociates the analytes and ionizes their component atoms to form a mixture of positive ions and molecular species. The positive ions are then passed on to...
Bernoulli's Equation for Flow Along a Streamline01:30

Bernoulli's Equation for Flow Along a Streamline

Bernoulli's equation relates the energy conservation in a fluid moving along a streamline. The equation applies to incompressible and inviscid fluids under steady flow. For such a flow, Newton's second law is applied to a small fluid element, which experiences forces due to pressure differences, gravity, and velocity variations. The force balance leads to the following form of Bernoulli's equation:
Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling01:26

Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling

During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance. Over a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Emission Spectroscopic Boundary Layer Investigation during Ablative Material Testing in Plasmatron
09:41

Emission Spectroscopic Boundary Layer Investigation during Ablative Material Testing in Plasmatron

Published on: June 9, 2016

Slant-path scintillation in the planetary boundary layer.

W F Dabberdt

    Applied Optics
    |February 4, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Laser scintillation magnitude (sigma) is affected by range and turbulence. Observed scintillation differs from theory, especially under different atmospheric conditions, suggesting turbulence scale influences results.

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    Area of Science:

    • Atmospheric optics
    • Laser propagation physics

    Background:

    • Laser scintillation is influenced by atmospheric turbulence.
    • Planetary boundary layer characteristics affect optical wave propagation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • Investigate the impact of range, path geometry, and thermal turbulence on laser scintillation.
    • Compare experimental results with classical scintillation theory.

    Main Methods:

    • Measured intensity fluctuations of helium-neon laser beams over reciprocal slant paths.
    • Recorded vertical profiles of refractive-index-structure function (Cn2) and atmospheric conditions.

    Main Results:

    • Scintillation magnitude (sigma) showed different dependencies on range and turbulence for inversion versus lapse conditions.
    • Observed scintillation (sigma_m) was approximately twice as large as Tatarski's theoretical prediction (sigma_t) for lapse conditions.
    • Ground-to-air paths exhibited slightly higher saturation scintillation than air-to-ground paths.

    Conclusions:

    • Atmospheric conditions (inversion vs. lapse) significantly alter scintillation behavior.
    • Turbulence scale, in addition to intensity, may influence scintillation patterns.
    • Existing theories inadequately describe scintillation ratios for reciprocal paths.