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Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

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The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

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Gas Chromatography: Types of Detectors-II01:19

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2
11:27

Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2

Published on: December 8, 2016

Determination of atmospheric structure function by using a single coherent detector.

R H Lang, P O Minott

    Applied Optics
    |February 4, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study presents a novel method for measuring the wave structure function, crucial for atmospheric turbulence research and telescope design. The technique utilizes an existing optical receiver, simplifying the characterization of optical wave distortions.

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    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

    Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2
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    Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Atmospheric Science
    • Astronomy Instrumentation

    Background:

    • Atmospheric turbulence significantly impacts optical wave propagation, affecting the performance of telescopes and coherent optical receivers.
    • Accurate measurement of the wave structure function is essential for mitigating these turbulence-induced distortions and improving system design.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe a practical method for measuring the wave structure function using an existing optical receiver.
    • To establish a relationship between the receiver's output and the wave structure function under specific conditions.

    Main Methods:

    • Modifying an existing optical receiver's telescope aperture with a screen containing two small holes.
    • Analyzing the amplitude modulation (A.M.) output of the receiver.

    Main Results:

    • A simple relationship was derived between the receiver's A.M. output and the wave structure function.
    • This relationship holds true when the incident optical beam follows Gaussian statistics.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed method offers a feasible approach to measure the wave structure function with readily available equipment.
    • This technique can aid in the effective design and calibration of telescopes for applications sensitive to atmospheric turbulence.