Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)01:19

2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)

Heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HSQC) is a 2D NMR technique that reveals one-bond correlations between hydrogen and a heteronucleus. The HSQC experiment is similar to the heteronuclear correlation experiment (HETCOR) but is more sensitive. In the HSQC spectrum, the proton chemical shift is plotted on the horizontal F2 axis, while the 13C chemical shift is plotted on the vertical F1 axis. The corresponding proton and 13C spectra are also shown. The HSQC contour plot does...
The Hall Effect01:30

The Hall Effect

Edwin H. Hall, in the year 1879, devised an experiment that could be used to identify the polarity of the predominant charge carriers in a conducting material. From a historical perspective, this experiment was the first to demonstrate that the charge carriers in most metals are negative.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Search for Signatures of Dark Matter Annihilation in the Galactic Center with HAWC.

Physical review letters·2026
Same author

The long-term outcome and changes in tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient in dogs diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension and Angiostrongylus vasorum infestation.

The Journal of small animal practice·2025
Same author

Best practice in high-frequency water quality monitoring for improved management and assessment; a novel decision workflow.

Environmental monitoring and assessment·2025
Same author

Ultra-high-energy gamma-ray bubble around microquasar V4641 Sgr.

Nature·2024
Same author

Flower orientation and corolla length as reproductive barriers in the pollinator-driven divergence of Erica shannonea and Erica ampullacea.

Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)·2023
Same author

Discovery of Gamma Rays from the Quiescent Sun with HAWC.

Physical review letters·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing
10:42

Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing

Published on: March 22, 2019

Electron Density Measurement in the HCN Laser Using Faraday Mode Splitting Technique.

R Turner

    Applied Optics
    |February 4, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    The Faraday mode-splitting technique accurately measured HCN laser electron density, showing results consistent with microwave methods. This sensitive technique offers a promising approach for external plasma density diagnostics.

    Area of Science:

    • Plasma Physics
    • Laser Technology
    • Spectroscopy

    Background:

    • Accurate measurement of electron density is crucial for understanding plasma behavior.
    • Traditional methods like interferometry can have limitations in sensitivity and application.
    • The HCN laser (337 microm) is a relevant tool for plasma diagnostics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To apply the Faraday mode-splitting technique for measuring electron density within an HCN laser.
    • To evaluate the sensitivity and applicability of this technique compared to existing methods.
    • To explore its potential for diagnosing external plasmas.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized the Faraday mode-splitting (self-heterodyne) technique.
    • Measured electron density along the optical axis of a 337 microm HCN laser.

    More Related Videos

    Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown
    09:40

    Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown

    Published on: February 14, 2014

    Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters
    10:37

    Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

    Published on: January 9, 2014

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

    Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing
    10:42

    Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing

    Published on: March 22, 2019

    Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown
    09:40

    Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown

    Published on: February 14, 2014

    Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters
    10:37

    Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

    Published on: January 9, 2014

  • Compared results with microwave measurements across the laser axis.

    • Main Results:

    • Determined an afterglow electron density of 4.5 x 10(11) cm(-3).
    • Achieved measurement sensitivity approximately two orders of magnitude greater than interferometric methods at the same wavelength.
    • Confirmed agreement between Faraday mode-splitting and microwave measurements.

    Conclusions:

    • The Faraday mode-splitting technique provides a highly sensitive method for electron density measurement in HCN lasers.
    • The technique is instrumentally straightforward but requires careful result interpretation.
    • Its potential extends to measuring the density of external plasmas, leveraging the HCN laser's gain.