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Updated: Jun 16, 2026
Standardized Hemorrhagic Shock Induction Guided by Cerebral Oximetry and Extended Hemodynamic Monitoring in Pigs
Published on: May 21, 2019
Cardiocirculatory changes in hemorrhagic shock induced in pigs submitted to three distinct therapeutic methods
Gilberto Fernandes Silva de Abreu1, Antônio Roberto Barros Coelho, José Lamartine de Andrade Aguiar
1Department of Surgery, UFPE, Recife, PE, Brazil. gabreu01@uol.com.br
Purpose:
To evaluate and compare the response of pigs submitted to hemorrhagic shock and treated using three different strategies.
Methods:
Thirty-five Dalland pigs were divided into four groups: Control; Bleeding; Saline and Saline + Red Cell Concentrate. Parameters evaluated: heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and central vein pressure (CVP).Hemorrhagic shock was induced by removing (624.25 + or - 64.55), (619.30 + or - 44.94) and (664.23 + or - 39.96) ml of blood respectively, with the following treatment: Bleeding Group - zero volume replacement; Saline Group - replacement with 676 ml of 0.9% saline solution; Saline + Red Cell Concentrate Group - replacement with 440 ml of 0.9% saline solution + 291 ml of red cell concentrate. The treatment was evaluated after 10 (T3), 30 (T4), 45 (T5) and 60 (T6) minutes.
Results:
HR: No statistically significant difference was found between the Bleeding and Saline [p=1.000], Bleeding and Saline + Red Cell Concentrate [p=1.000], and Saline and Saline + Red Cell Concentrate [p=0.721] groups. MAP; Significant differences were found between all the groups studied. CVP: No significant difference was found between the groups.
Conclusion:
Non-replacement and euvolemic resuscitation maintained a satisfactory hemodynamic pattern in controlled severe hemorrhagic shock in swine. The euvolemic replacement strategies exceeded the limit values of MAP for rebleeding.
