Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Poliomyelitis01:17

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction01:29

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction

Intervertebral disc herniation refers to the displacement of the nucleus pulposus (the gel-like inner core of the disc) through a tear or weakened area in the annulus fibrosus (the outer fibrous ring). The displaced disc material extends beyond the normal boundaries of the disc space and may compress or irritate nearby spinal nerve roots or, less commonly, the spinal cord.Etiology and Risk FactorsHerniation commonly results from degeneration, in which aging reduces disc hydration and...
Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Mechanism of Catalytic O<sub>2</sub> Reduction by Iron Tetraphenylporphyrin.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2019
Same author

Evaluation of Electron-Impact Ionization Cross Sections for Molecules.

The journal of physical chemistry. A·2019
Same author

Mechanobiology of Cancer Stem Cells and Their Niche.

Cancer microenvironment : official journal of the International Cancer Microenvironment Society·2019
Same author

Ultrasound-guided left brachiocephalic vein cannulation: Where to puncture the vein?

Indian journal of anaesthesia·2019
Same author

Revisiting mechanisms and functions of prenatal hormone-mediated maternal effects using avian species as a model.

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences·2019
Same author

4-Bromo-4'-chloro pyrazoline analog of curcumin augmented anticancer activity against human cervical cancer, HeLa cells: <i>in silico</i>-guided analysis, synthesis, and <i>in vitro</i> cytotoxicity.

Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics·2019
Same journal

Isolated Cranial Tremors: A Reappraisal.

Seminars in neurology·2026
Same journal

Dystonia and Tremor.

Seminars in neurology·2026
Same journal

Pendular nystagmus and oculopalatal tremor.

Seminars in neurology·2026
Same journal

Sanjay Pandey, MBBS, MD, DNB, DM, FIAN, and Aasef Shaikh, MD, PhD.

Seminars in neurology·2026
Same journal

Tremor.

Seminars in neurology·2026
Same journal

Carotid Disease.

Seminars in neurology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Mouse Models of Periventricular Leukomalacia
06:24

Mouse Models of Periventricular Leukomalacia

Published on: May 18, 2010

Pearls: myelopathy.

Neeraj Kumar1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. kumar.neeraj@mayo.edu

Seminars in Neurology
|February 4, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent advances enhance the diagnosis and management of diverse spinal cord disorders, including immune-mediated, infectious, and hereditary myelopathies. Key developments include improved neuroimaging and biomarker identification for specific conditions like neuromyelitis optica.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Mouse Models of Periventricular Leukomalacia
06:24

Mouse Models of Periventricular Leukomalacia

Published on: May 18, 2010

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroimmunology
  • Neurogenetics

Background:

  • Spinal cord disorders encompass a wide range of etiologies, including immune-mediated, infectious, metabolic, hereditary, paraneoplastic, and compressive myelopathies.
  • Recent decades have seen significant progress in understanding and managing these conditions.
  • Spinal vascular malformations and spinal cord stroke secondary to aortic surgery are increasingly recognized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in the evaluation and management of spinal cord diseases.
  • To highlight key diagnostic challenges and provide clinical insights.
  • To update understanding of various myelopathies in light of new research and diagnostic tools.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on myelopathies.
  • Discussion of diagnostic advancements in neuroimaging and serological markers.
  • Categorization of hereditary myelopathies based on clinical phenotypes.

Main Results:

  • Specific diagnoses like multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica are now more accurately identified using markers such as neuromyelitis optica-immunoglobulin G (NMO-IgG) and MRI findings.
  • Acquired copper deficiency can mimic vitamin B12 deficiency, often associated with bariatric surgery.
  • Hereditary myelopathies are classified into cerebellar, motor, and leukodystrophy phenotypes.

Conclusions:

  • Advances in neuroimaging, immunology, and genetics have significantly improved the diagnosis and classification of myelopathies.
  • Recognizing specific causes like dural arteriovenous fistulas and copper deficiency is crucial for effective management.
  • Clinical pearls are presented to aid neurologists in evaluating complex spinal cord diseases, especially when imaging is inconclusive.