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Related Concept Videos

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes00:46

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

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The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
Genomic Diversity in Bacteria
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Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes00:58

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

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Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
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Genomics02:02

Genomics

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes

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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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Genome-Wide Analysis of DNA Methylation in Gastrointestinal Cancer
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The Roche Cancer Genome Database (RCGDB).

Jan Küntzer1, Daniela Eggle, Hans-Peter Lenhof

  • 1Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Pharma Research Scientific Informatics, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, Germany. jan.kuentzer@roche.com

Human Mutation
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Cancer genome research is advancing, but accessing mutation data is difficult. The Roche Cancer Genome Database (RCGDB) integrates diverse mutation types, offering a unified resource for cancer research and drug target discovery.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Bioinformatics
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Cancer is a mutation-driven disease, with extensive sequencing generating vast amounts of cancer genome data.
  • Despite technological advances, drug target discovery has lagged due to fragmented, specialized databases hindering comprehensive data access.
  • A unified system is needed to integrate disparate mutation data for a better understanding of cancer mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an integrated cancer genome information system to address the challenges of fragmented mutation data.
  • To create a unified platform for accessing and analyzing diverse cancer mutation data, facilitating research and drug target discovery.

Main Methods:

  • Development of the Roche Cancer Genome Database (RCGDB).
  • Integration of various mutation data types including single nucleotide variants, single nucleotide polymorphisms, and chromosomal aberrations (CGH and FISH).
  • Implementation of a Google-like Web interface for user-friendly access.

Main Results:

  • The Roche Cancer Genome Database (RCGDB) was created as a freely available biological information system.
  • RCGDB provides a comprehensive integration of disparate cancer genome data.
  • A user-friendly web interface allows for easy access to integrated mutation data.

Conclusions:

  • The RCGDB facilitates a more complete understanding of the relationships between mutations and cancer.
  • This integrated database supports efficient cancer genome information retrieval, aiding drug target discovery.
  • RCGDB represents a significant step towards a unified approach to cancer mutation data analysis.