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Arboviral Encephalitis

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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...

Reservoir of Infection

Reservoir of Infection

Infectious diseases arise from intricate interactions between pathogens and their reservoirs. A reservoir of infection refers to the natural habitat where a pathogen lives, grows, and multiplies, serving as a continual source of infection. Reservoirs are broadly classified as either living or nonliving, and each plays a unique role in disease transmission, significantly influencing public health interventions and control strategies.Humans act as reservoirs for a wide array of pathogens,...

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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

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Transmission of Pathogens

Transmission of Pathogens

Pathogens spread from their reservoirs to susceptible hosts through three main routes: contact transmission, vehicle transmission, and vector transmission. Each route involves distinct mechanisms of transfer.Contact TransmissionThis category includes direct contact, indirect contact, and droplet transmission:Direct contact involves immediate physical interaction between individuals—such as a handshake—which can spread pathogens like Streptococcus pyogenes, the bacterium responsible for...

Bacterial Phylum Spirochaetes

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Tick Microbiome Characterization by Next-Generation 16S rRNA Amplicon Sequencing

Tick Microbiome Characterization by Next-Generation 16S rRNA Amplicon Sequencing

Published on: August 25, 2018

Vector-borne diseases.

¹Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, 8 College Road, Singapore.

Revue Scientifique Et Technique (International Office of Epizootics)

|February 5, 2010

Summary

Vector-borne diseases, historically devastating, were controlled by mid-20th century insecticides. Global changes have led to their resurgence in humans and animals over the last 30 years.

Area of Science:

Epidemiology
Public Health
Veterinary Medicine

Background:

Vector-borne diseases have historically caused major pandemics and hindered development.
Effective control was achieved mid-20th century using insecticides like DDT.
Complacency and policy shifts led to reduced prevention efforts.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze the historical impact and re-emergence of vector-borne diseases.
To understand factors contributing to the resurgence of these diseases.
To highlight the current global health challenge posed by vector-borne diseases.

Main Methods:

Historical analysis of disease outbreaks and control measures.
Review of public health policies and resource allocation.

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Tick Microbiome Characterization by Next-Generation 16S rRNA Amplicon Sequencing

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Experimental Viral Infection in Adult Mosquitoes by Oral Feeding and Microinjection

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A Multiplex Serological Assay for the Detection of Antibody Responses to Arboviruses

A Multiplex Serological Assay for the Detection of Antibody Responses to Arboviruses

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Examination of global trends influencing disease transmission.

Main Results:

Vector-borne diseases significantly impacted human and animal populations historically.
Insecticide use led to successful control but was followed by reduced efforts.
Global changes have driven a recent re-emergence of epidemic vector-borne diseases.

Conclusions:

Past successes in controlling vector-borne diseases have been undermined by complacency.
Modern global trends necessitate renewed focus on vector-borne disease prevention and control.
The re-emergence poses a significant threat to both human and animal health worldwide.