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Finding needles in a haystack: a methodology for identifying and sampling community-based youth smoking cessation

Sherry Emery¹, Jungwha Lee, Susan J Curry

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Identifying youth smoking cessation programs is challenging without existing directories. A novel two-stage snowball sampling method successfully profiled numerous programs, creating a valuable sample frame.

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Area of Science:

Public Health
Health Services Research
Program Evaluation

Background:

Conducting surveys for community-based programs is challenging without knowing their number or location.
The Helping Young Smokers Quit (HYSQ) initiative faced difficulties in identifying and profiling youth smoking cessation programs due to a lack of a defined sample frame.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe a methodology for identifying and profiling community-based youth smoking cessation programs.
To address the challenge of surveying programs when no existing directories or sample frames are available.

Main Methods:

A two-stage sampling design was employed, using counties as the first-stage probability sampling units.
Snowball sampling to saturation was used in the second stage to identify program administrators across three economic sectors within each county.
Multivariate and cumulative logit models analyzed relationships between program characteristics, county demographics, and sampling outcomes.

Main Results:

The snowball sampling yielded 9,983 unique contacts.
Urban and high-income counties identified more program administrators and eligible programs.
A positive relationship was observed between the number of initial contacts and the number of programs screened, eligible, and profiled.

Conclusions:

The developed strategy effectively identified youth tobacco cessation programs.
This methodology can be adapted to create sample frames for other hard-to-identify nonprofit organizations.
The approach overcomes limitations of traditional sampling frames for programs lacking directories.