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Respiratory failure can manifest suddenly or gradually, characterized by a rapid decline in PaO2 and a rapid rise in PaCO2. This situation indicates a severe respiratory problem that may quickly become a life-threatening emergency. One of the early signs of hypoxemic Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF) is a change in mental status due to the brain's sensitivity to oxygen levels and changes in acid-base balance. Symptoms such as restlessness, confusion, and agitation suggest inadequate oxygen...
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Restorative care is provided once a patient has been discharged from a healthcare facility and requires additional services. The additional services include home care, rehabilitation programs, and extended care. Restorative care centers help the patient regain their previous level of functioning or acquire a new level of functioning due to the incapacitating effects of a disease or a disability. It aims to assist patients in enhancing their quality of life by encouraging independence,...
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Updated: Jun 16, 2026

SECONDs Administration Guidelines: A Fast Tool to Assess Consciousness in Brain-injured Patients
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Published on: February 6, 2021

[Delirium in the intensive care unit].

Christoph S Burkhart1, Dagmar Birkner-Binder, Luzius A Steiner

  • 1Departement Anästhesie, Universitätsspital Basel.

Therapeutische Umschau. Revue Therapeutique
|February 5, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Delirium in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) affects 20-80% of patients, leading to poor outcomes. Early detection and management of risk factors, alongside treatments like haloperidol, are crucial for improving patient prognosis.

Area of Science:

  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Neuroscience
  • Geriatrics

Context:

  • Delirium prevalence in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) ranges widely from 20% to 80%.
  • ICU delirium presents significant challenges for patients, families, and healthcare providers.
  • Associated with adverse outcomes, including prolonged hospitalization, increased costs, long-term cognitive deficits, and elevated mortality rates.

Purpose:

  • To highlight the importance of preventing, diagnosing, and treating delirium in the ICU.
  • To identify numerous risk factors for delirium development in ICU patients.
  • To outline current treatment strategies for established delirium.

Summary:

  • Pathophysiology of delirium remains incompletely understood.
  • Identified risk factors include metabolic disturbances, hypotension, anemia, fever, and infection.

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Halogenated Agent Delivery in Porcine Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome via an Intensive Care Unit Type Device
09:36

Halogenated Agent Delivery in Porcine Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome via an Intensive Care Unit Type Device

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  • Management strategies focus on modifiable factors like sedation/analgesia optimization and environmental adjustments.
  • Treatment involves antipsychotics, with haloperidol being the preferred agent for intravenous administration.

    • Impact:

    • Effective delirium management can improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs.
    • Addressing modifiable risk factors is key to prevention.
    • Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for mitigating the negative consequences of ICU delirium.