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Related Concept Videos

Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses

The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
Graded and Abrupt Responses
Some signaling systems generate...
Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling
09:51

Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling

Published on: July 26, 2017

Signal transduction pathways that function in both development and innate immunity.

Frederick A Partridge1, Maria J Gravato-Nobre, Jonathan Hodgkin

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Developmental Dynamics : an Official Publication of the American Association of Anatomists
|February 5, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans is a key model for studying innate immunity. Its immune responses involve complex signaling pathways and organism-wide communication, highlighting its intricate immune system.

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Area of Science:

  • * Invertebrate immunology
  • * Model organism research

Background:

  • * Caenorhabditis elegans is increasingly utilized as a model organism to study innate immunity.
  • * Immune responses in C. elegans involve conserved signaling pathways such as insulin signaling, p38 MAP kinase, and transforming growth factor-beta.
  • * These pathways have dual roles in both development and immunity, presenting analytical challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To explore the complexity of innate immunity in C. elegans.
  • * To understand how different signaling pathways contribute to immune responses.
  • * To investigate the role of organism-wide communication in C. elegans immunity.

Main Methods:

  • * Review of existing literature on C. elegans immunity.
  • * Analysis of signaling pathways involved in immune responses.
  • * Examination of studies on paracrine and neuronal communication in immunity.

Main Results:

  • * Multiple signaling pathways, including insulin, p38 MAP kinase, and TGF-beta, are crucial for C. elegans immunity.
  • * The involvement of these pathways in development complicates their study in immunity.
  • * Evidence suggests integrated immunity through paracrine and neuronal signaling.

Conclusions:

  • * C. elegans possesses a complex innate immune system.
  • * Immune responses are regulated by conserved signaling pathways with developmental roles.
  • * Organism-wide communication is integral to the integrated immunity of C. elegans.