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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Adult Mouse Digit Amputation and Regeneration: A Simple Model to Investigate Mammalian Blastema Formation and Intramembranous Ossification
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Adult Mouse Digit Amputation and Regeneration: A Simple Model to Investigate Mammalian Blastema Formation and Intramembranous Ossification

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Second toe transplantation to reconstruct digits.

L Vaienti1, A Marchesi, R Gazzola

  • 1Università degli Studi di Milano, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milano. luca.vaienti@unimi.it

La Pediatria Medica E Chirurgica : Medical and Surgical Pediatrics
|February 6, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Microsurgical toe-to-hand transfer reconstructs missing fingers or thumbs, offering excellent growth, function, and sensation. This common procedure, particularly using the second toe, achieves over 95% success rates for congenital and traumatic hand differences.

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Area of Science:

  • Reconstructive surgery
  • Microsurgery
  • Hand surgery

Background:

  • Congenital absence or traumatic amputation of digits presents significant reconstructive challenges.
  • Microsurgical toe-to-hand transfer has emerged as a common and effective treatment modality.
  • This technique addresses difficult cases of missing thumbs, fingers, or both.

Observation:

  • The second toe is frequently chosen for transplantation due to its length and finger-like characteristics.
  • Transferred toes demonstrate acceptable growth, function, and sensation post-operatively.
  • Success rates for these complex reconstructions typically exceed 95%.

Findings:

  • The article discusses the rationale, indications, pre-operative assessment, and long-term outcomes of toe-to-hand transfers.

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  • A case report details the successful reconstruction of a child's congenital partial second finger absence using a second toe transfer.
  • The procedure effectively restores form and function in cases of digital loss.

    • Implications:

    • Toe-to-hand transfer offers a viable solution for restoring hand function and appearance.
    • This microsurgical approach provides a high success rate for congenital and traumatic digital deficiencies.
    • The technique allows for growth and sensation in the reconstructed digits, improving patient quality of life.