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Related Concept Videos

Measuring Reaction Rates03:09

Measuring Reaction Rates

Polarimetry finds application in chemical kinetics to measure the concentration and reaction kinetics of optically active substances during a chemical reaction. Optically active substances have the capability of rotating the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light passing through them—a feature called optical rotation. Optical activity is attributed to the molecular structure of substances. Normal monochromatic light is unpolarized and possesses oscillations of the electrical field in...
Reaction Mechanisms: Rate-limiting Step Approximation01:29

Reaction Mechanisms: Rate-limiting Step Approximation

The rate-determining step, or RDS, in a chemical reaction is the slowest step that determines the overall reaction rate. It is identified by using the observed rate law and typically involves approximation methods like the RDS approximation or the steady-state approximation.In the RDS approximation, also known as the rate-limiting-step or equilibrium approximation, the reaction mechanism consists of one or more reversible reactions near equilibrium, followed by a slower RDS, and then one or...
Reaction Rate02:53

Reaction Rate

The rate of reaction is the change in the amount of a reactant or product per unit time. Reaction rates are therefore determined by measuring the time dependence of some property that can be related to reactant or product amounts. Rates of reactions that consume or produce gaseous substances, for example, are conveniently determined by measuring changes in volume or pressure.
The mathematical representation of the change in the concentration of reactants and products, over time, is the rate...
Rate-Determining Steps03:08

Rate-Determining Steps

Relating Reaction Mechanisms
In a multistep reaction mechanism, one of the elementary steps progresses significantly slower than the others. This slowest step is called the rate-limiting step (or rate-determining step). A reaction cannot proceed faster than its slowest step, and hence, the rate-determining step limits the overall reaction rate.
The concept of rate-determining step can be understood from the analogy of a 4-lane freeway with a short-stretch of traffic-bottleneck caused due to...
Transition State Theory01:25

Transition State Theory

Transition-state theory, also known as activated-complex theory, provides a molecular-level explanation of reaction rates in both gas-phase and solution-phase reactions. It extends earlier kinetic models by considering the formation of a short-lived, high-energy configuration during a reaction.The progress of a chemical reaction can be represented using a reaction profile, which plots potential energy against the reaction coordinate. As two reactant molecules approach one another, their...
Reaction Mechanisms: The Steady-State Approximation01:26

Reaction Mechanisms: The Steady-State Approximation

The steady-state approximation, also referred to as the quasi-steady-state approximation to differentiate it from a true steady state, is a widely used method for simplifying calculations in complex reaction mechanisms. This approach is particularly useful when dealing with multi-step reactions that involve reverse reactions or several steps, which can significantly increase mathematical complexity and make the reactions nearly unsolvable analytically.The steady-state approximation operates on...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Unraveling Entropic Rate Acceleration Induced by Solvent Dynamics in Membrane Enzymes
09:42

Unraveling Entropic Rate Acceleration Induced by Solvent Dynamics in Membrane Enzymes

Published on: January 16, 2016

Estimating reaction rate coefficients within a travel-time modeling framework.

R Gong1, C Lu, W-M Wu

  • 1School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0355, USA.

Ground Water
|February 6, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new travel-time modeling method to estimate reaction rates for groundwater remediation in complex aquifers. The approach uses tracer tests to efficiently determine in situ reaction coefficients, improving remediation strategies.

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Unraveling Entropic Rate Acceleration Induced by Solvent Dynamics in Membrane Enzymes
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Published on: January 16, 2016

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Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as a Tool for Electrochemical Rate Constant Estimation

Published on: October 10, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Hydrogeology
  • Geochemistry

Background:

  • Groundwater remediation in heterogeneous aquifers presents challenges due to complex subsurface flow and transport.
  • Accurate estimation of in situ reaction rate coefficients is crucial for effective contaminant degradation and remediation design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a generalized, efficient, and practical approach for estimating in situ reaction rate coefficients in heterogeneous aquifers.
  • To utilize a travel-time modeling framework combined with tracer test data for improved reaction rate estimation.

Main Methods:

  • Employing a travel-time modeling framework using conservative and reactive tracers in field tracer tests.
  • Measuring breakthrough curves (BTCs) to infer travel-time distributions and estimate reaction kinetics.
  • Developing simplified schemes for various reaction orders (zero-, first-, nth-, Michaelis-Menten).

Main Results:

  • The developed approach effectively estimates in situ reaction rate coefficients without extensive aquifer characterization.
  • Validation in a synthetic aquifer and a field-scale bioremediation experiment confirmed the method's practicality and accuracy.
  • Field application indicated zero-order kinetics better describe ethanol degradation for U(VI)-bioremediation than first-order kinetics.

Conclusions:

  • The travel-time modeling approach offers an efficient and practical alternative to traditional methods for reaction rate estimation in groundwater remediation.
  • This method enhances the understanding and modeling of reactive transport in heterogeneous subsurface environments.
  • The findings support the optimization of bioremediation strategies by accurately characterizing contaminant degradation kinetics.