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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
American Trypanosomiasis01:22

American Trypanosomiasis

Chagas disease, or American trypanosomiasis, is a vector-borne parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, a flagellated protozoan (kinetoplastid) of the family Trypanosomatidae. The disease is endemic in Latin America, although cases are increasingly reported worldwide due to human migration. Transmission most commonly occurs when feces of infected triatomine bugs contaminate bite wounds or mucosal surfaces; additional routes include congenital, transfusional, transplant-related, and oral...
Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...

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Overview: Japanese encephalitis.

Usha Kant Misra1, Jayantee Kalita

  • 1Department of Neurology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareily Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India. ukmisra@sgpgi.ac.in

Progress in Neurobiology
|February 6, 2010
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a significant mosquito-borne viral disease in Asia, causing severe neurological illness and death. Diagnosis relies on IgM capture ELISA, with management focused on supportive care and prevention through vaccination.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a major endemic mosquito-borne viral encephalitis in Asia.
  • It affects over 50,000 individuals annually, leading to 15,000 deaths.
  • The JE virus (JEV) is a flavivirus transmitted via mosquitoes, pigs, and water birds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of Japanese encephalitis.
  • To discuss its epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management.
  • To highlight preventive strategies and ongoing research.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of JE epidemiology, clinical features, and diagnostic methods.
  • Analysis of JEV transmission cycles and risk factors.
  • Evaluation of current and emerging vaccine technologies.

Main Results:

  • JE exhibits distinct seasonal patterns influenced by temperature.
  • Neurological sequelae, including movement disorders, are common.
  • IgM capture ELISA is the gold standard for laboratory diagnosis.
  • Inactivated and live attenuated vaccines are available, with chimeric vaccines under investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Japanese encephalitis remains a critical public health concern in endemic regions.
  • Effective control requires integrated strategies encompassing vaccination, vector control, and public health initiatives.
  • Further research into novel vaccines and therapeutic interventions is warranted.