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Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

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Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice
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Dynamic regulation of functionally distinct virus-specific T cells.

Zaza M Ndhlovu1, Mathias Oelke, Jonathan P Schneck

  • 1W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|February 6, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) stimulate multifunctional CD8(+) T cells, crucial for virus clearance, unlike conventional dendritic cells (moDCs). This finding offers insights into optimizing T cell responses for long-term immunity.

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Generation of Multivirus-specific T Cells to Prevent/treat Viral Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant
08:52

Generation of Multivirus-specific T Cells to Prevent/treat Viral Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant

Published on: May 27, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular immunology
  • T cell biology

Background:

  • CD8(+) T cell function is vital for viral clearance and is shaped by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and CD4(+) T cells.
  • Polyfunctional T cells are linked to long-term protection, but methods to induce them remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how different antigen-presenting cells (APCs) influence the phenotype and function of CD8(+) T cells.
  • To compare the efficacy of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) versus artificial APCs (aAPCs) in stimulating multifunctional CD8(+) T cells.

Main Methods:

  • Ex vivo stimulation of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells using either autologous moDCs or HLA-A2-Ig-based aAPCs.
  • Analysis of T cell phenotype and function, including cytokine production (IL-2, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, MIP1beta) and degranulation marker (CD107a) expression.
  • Dynamic assessment of T cell functionality by switching culture conditions between aAPCs and moDCs.

Main Results:

  • Both moDCs and aAPCs generated similar numbers of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells.
  • aAPC-stimulated CD8(+) T cells exhibited multifunctional responses, producing multiple cytokines, whereas moDC-stimulated cells were predominantly monofunctional.
  • aAPC-generated CD8(+) T cells produced higher levels of cytokines per cell compared to moDC-generated cells.
  • T cell functionality was dynamic and reversible based on the type of APC used during expansion.

Conclusions:

  • CD8(+) T cell functionality is heterogeneous and dynamically influenced by the type of stimulating APC.
  • Artificial APCs (aAPCs) are effective in generating multifunctional CD8(+) T cells, suggesting potential for improved vaccine strategies.
  • Understanding APC-driven T cell responses is key to inducing optimal CD8(+) T cell function for enhanced immunity.