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Acute Inflammation III: Local and Systemic Effects

Acute Inflammation III: Local and Systemic Effects

Acute inflammation produces a coordinated set of local and systemic changes that limit injury, eliminate pathogens, and initiate repair. These responses arise within minutes of infection, trauma, or chemical insult and are driven by vascular alterations and leukocyte-derived mediators. When the stimulus resolves, the reaction typically abates within days.Local EffectsAt the site of injury, arteriolar vasodilation increases blood flow, resulting in redness and warmth. Simultaneously, increased...

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Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...

Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair

Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair

The immune system's inflammatory response destroys the invading pathogen, permitting the tissue to heal. The changes during the cellular and vascular stages allow exudate formation at the site of inflammation. The inflammatory exudate released from the wound has high protein content and a specific gravity above 1.020.
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Inflammation

Inflammation

Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

A Murine Model of Fetal Exposure to Maternal Inflammation to Study the Effects of Acute Chorioamnionitis on Newborn Intestinal Development

A Murine Model of Fetal Exposure to Maternal Inflammation to Study the Effects of Acute Chorioamnionitis on Newborn Intestinal Development

Published on: June 24, 2020

Inflammatory agents involved in septic miscarriage.

Julieta Aisemberg¹, Claudia Vercelli, Manuel Wolfson

¹Laboratory of Physiopathology of Pregnancy and Labor--Center for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO, CONICET), School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Neuroimmunomodulation

|February 6, 2010

Summary

This study reveals that inflammatory molecules like nitric oxide and prostaglandins contribute to early pregnancy loss. Inhibiting these molecules and anandamide may help prevent miscarriage in euploid conceptuses.

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

A Murine Model of Fetal Exposure to Maternal Inflammation to Study the Effects of Acute Chorioamnionitis on Newborn Intestinal Development

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Published on: June 24, 2020

A Neonatal Imaging Model of Gram-Negative Bacterial Sepsis

A Neonatal Imaging Model of Gram-Negative Bacterial Sepsis

Published on: August 12, 2020

Area of Science:

Reproductive biology
Immunology
Toxicology

Background:

Early pregnancy loss in euploid conceptuses remains poorly understood.
Maternal infections are linked to spontaneous abortion, but mechanisms are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the mechanisms of septic abortion in a murine model.
To investigate the role of inflammatory mediators and endocannabinoids in embryonic resorption.

Main Methods:

Induced embryonic resorption (ER) in mice using lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
Measured nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin (PG) production.
Assessed oxidative damage and anandamide (AEA) levels and degradation.

Main Results:

LPS-induced ER involved increased NO and PG synthesis, which were preventable by inhibitors.
Oxidative damage, evidenced by tyrosine nitration, increased due to peroxynitrite.
LPS modulated AEA synthesis and degradation, with AEA mediating NO synthesis and tissue damage.

Conclusions:

Inflammatory molecules, including NO, PG, and AEA, play a significant role in early pregnancy loss.
Targeting these inflammatory pathways and AEA may offer strategies for preventing miscarriage.