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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
Transmission Line Design Considerations01:23

Transmission Line Design Considerations

Aluminum has become the material of choice for overhead transmission lines, surpassing copper due to its abundance and cost-effectiveness. The most prevalent type is the aluminum conductor, steel-reinforced (ACSR), which combines aluminum strands around a steel core. Other variants include all-aluminum conductors (AAC), all-aluminum alloy conductors (AAAC), aluminum conductor alloy-reinforced (ACAR), and aluminum-clad steel conductors. Advanced designs, such as aluminum conductors with steel...
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Design and Fabrication of an Optical Fiber Made of Water
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The star coupler: a unique interconnection component for multimode optical waveguide communications systems.

M C Hudson, F L Thiel

    Applied Optics
    |February 6, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The Star system, utilizing a Star coupler, offers superior passive optical waveguide interconnection with lower loss and enhanced reliability compared to bus systems. This configuration is ideal for scalable communication networks.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical engineering
    • Telecommunications

    Background:

    • Interconnecting multiple terminals in optical waveguide communication systems presents challenges.
    • Existing systems often use common optical buses with Tee couplers, which have limitations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the Star system configuration for passive interconnection in optical waveguide networks.
    • To compare the performance of the Star system against a common optical bus system.

    Main Methods:

    • Described the Star coupler, the central component of the Star system.
    • Compared the Star system's performance with an equivalent system using a common optical bus and Tee couplers.
    • Detailed the construction and performance measurements of two Star couplers.

    Main Results:

    • The Star system demonstrated lower terminal-to-terminal loss.
    • The Star system offers easier upgradability, enhanced reliability, and survivability.
    • The Star system provides inherent bidirectionality and terminal equivalence.

    Conclusions:

    • The Star system is the preferred configuration for passive interconnection in optical waveguide systems.
    • Star couplers are a viable and performant solution for advanced optical communication networks.