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Related Concept Videos

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...
Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...
Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

Overview

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Precision Implementation of Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing to Assess Individual Variation in Human Inflammatory Response
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Sensitization to dimethyl fumarate with multiple concurrent patch test reactions.

Kaija Lammintausta1, Erik Zimerson, Sandra Winhoven

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland. kaija.lammintausta@tyks.fi

Contact Dermatitis
|February 9, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) in furniture can cause allergic reactions. Many patients sensitized to DMF also reacted to acrylates, suggesting cross-reactivity may occur.

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Precision Implementation of Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing to Assess Individual Variation in Human Inflammatory Response
06:31

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Published on: October 3, 2019

Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing
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Published on: May 28, 2013

Basophil Activation Test for Investigation of IgE-Mediated Mechanisms in Drug Hypersensitivity
10:22

Basophil Activation Test for Investigation of IgE-Mediated Mechanisms in Drug Hypersensitivity

Published on: September 16, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Toxicology
  • Allergy and Immunology

Background:

  • Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), a sensitizing chemical, was detected in imported Chinese furniture.
  • Patients with DMF sensitization often show positive patch tests to acrylates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence and intensity of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) sensitization.
  • To analyze the occurrence of concurrent allergic reactions in patients exposed to DMF.

Main Methods:

  • Patch testing was performed on 37 patients using serial dilutions of DMF.
  • Patients were also tested with diethyl fumarate (DEF), diethyl maleate (DEM), dimethyl maleate (DMM), and various acrylates (EA, MA, MMA) at equimolar concentrations.

Main Results:

  • The lowest concentration of DMF causing a reaction ranged from 0.0001% to 0.1%.
  • All but four patients reacted to DEF. Positive reactions were observed for DEM (21/37), DMM (9/9), EA (13/37), and MA (7/37).
  • Two patients reacting to MA also showed reactions to MMA.

Conclusions:

  • Sensitization to DMF varied in strength, and concurrent reactions were frequent.
  • Cross-reactivity to acrylates may occur in patients with lower DMF concentration sensitivity (≤0.001%).