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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Testing for Metacognitive Responding Using an Odor-based Delayed Match-to-Sample Test in Rats
08:06

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Published on: June 18, 2018

How many response options? A study of remember-know testing procedures.

Davide Bruno1, Andrew Rutherford

  • 1Psychology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA. davbruno@psych.umass.edu

Acta Psychologica
|February 9, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The number of steps in memory recall tasks does not impact accuracy. Using a bias-free measure, this study confirms that both one-step and two-step procedures yield similar recognition accuracy.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • The remember-know procedure is a method used to assess memory recall.
  • This procedure can be administered in either a one-step or two-step format.
  • Previous research indicates a more liberal response criterion in the one-step procedure, but its effect on accuracy remains debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether the number of steps in the remember-know procedure affects recognition accuracy.
  • To clarify the impact of procedural variations on memory performance metrics.
  • To employ bias-free measures to accurately assess recognition accuracy.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental manipulation of the number of steps in the remember-know procedure (one-step vs. two-step).
  • Utilizing a bias-free signal detection theory measure (d(a)) to assess recognition accuracy.
  • Analysis of results using the dual process signal detection model.

Main Results:

  • The one-step procedure consistently resulted in a more liberal response criterion, as previously reported.
  • Crucially, the bias-free accuracy measure (d(a)) revealed no significant difference in recognition accuracy between the one-step and two-step procedures.
  • This pattern of results remained consistent even when analyzed with the dual process signal detection model.

Conclusions:

  • The number of steps in the remember-know procedure does not influence objective recognition accuracy.
  • The observed differences in response criteria do not translate to variations in memory performance.
  • Signal detection theory, particularly bias-free measures, is essential for accurate assessment of memory recall procedures.