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Related Concept Videos

Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

134.7K
Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....
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Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

15.2K
A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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Autoxidation of Ethers to Peroxides and Hydroperoxides02:23

Autoxidation of Ethers to Peroxides and Hydroperoxides

9.7K
Ethers represent a class of chemical compounds that become more dangerous with prolonged storage because they tend to form explosive peroxides when standing in the air. Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly oxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides.
9.7K
Regioselectivity of Electrophilic Additions-Peroxide Effect02:35

Regioselectivity of Electrophilic Additions-Peroxide Effect

11.0K
In the presence of organic peroxides, the addition of hydrogen bromide to an alkene yields the isomer that is not predicted by Markovnikov’s rule. For example, the addition of hydrogen bromide to 2-methylpropene in the presence of peroxides gives 1-bromo-2-methylpropane. This addition reaction proceeds via a free radical mechanism, which reverses the regioselectivity. The free radical reaction mechanism involves three stages: initiation, propagation, and termination.
11.0K
Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

82.9K
Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
82.9K
Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

14.2K
Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Author Spotlight: Design and Evaluation of Au-Electroplated Carbon Fiber Cloth Electrodes for Hydrogen Peroxide Fuel Cells
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Hydrogen peroxide as an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor.

Hiroaki Shimokawa1

  • 1Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan. shimo@cardio.med.tohoku.ac.jp

Pflugers Archiv : European Journal of Physiology
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Endothelium-derived hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) acts as an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF), promoting cardiovascular homeostasis and offering protection against heart injury. This reactive oxygen species plays a key role in coronary circulation and vasodilation.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Endothelial Function
  • Redox Signaling

Background:

  • The endothelium regulates cardiovascular homeostasis via vasodilators like nitric oxide (NO) and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF).
  • The precise identity of EDHF has been debated, with proposed candidates including epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and K+ ions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the endogenous substance responsible for EDHF activity.
  • To elucidate the role of H2O2 in cardiovascular regulation and protection.

Main Methods:

  • Demonstration of H2O2 as EDHF in animal and human studies.
  • Investigation of the synthesis pathway involving endothelial NO synthase and Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase.

Main Results:

  • Endothelium-derived hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was identified as a key EDHF.
  • H2O2 synthesis is critically dependent on the endothelial NO synthase system coupled with Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase.
  • Endothelium-derived H2O2 mediates coronary autoregulation, protects against ischemia/reperfusion injury, and induces metabolic coronary vasodilation.

Conclusions:

  • Endothelium-derived H2O2 functions as a significant EDHF, contributing to cardiovascular homeostasis.
  • H2O2 acts as a redox-signaling molecule, exerting vasodilatory and cardioprotective effects in the coronary circulation.
  • The H2O2/EDHF pathway represents a crucial mechanism in vascular and cardiac protection, complementing the role of NO.