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Related Concept Videos

Rab Cascades01:25

Rab Cascades

Rab GTPases act in a regulated cascade during membrane fusion, helping the lipid bilayers mix. The Rab family of proteins are active when bound to GTP, and inactive when bound to GDP. Hence, they act as guanine nucleotide-dependent molecular switches. Rab-GTP recognizes and binds to long or short-range tethering proteins to capture the target vesicle. These tethers coordinate with SNAREs on the vesicle and the target membrane to assemble the trans SNARE complex that locks the mixing bilayers.
The Ras Gene02:38

The Ras Gene

The Ras-gene-encoded proteins are regulators of signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, or cell survival. The Ras-gene family in humans constitutes three primary members—the HRas, NRas, and KRas. These genes code for four functionally distinct yet closely related proteins—the HRas, NRas, KRas4A, and KRas4B. The involvement of mutant Ras genes in human cancer was first discovered in 1982 and is among the most common causes of human tumorigenesis.
Ras is a superfamily...
The Ras Gene02:38

The Ras Gene

The Ras-gene-encoded proteins are regulators of signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, or cell survival. The Ras-gene family in humans constitutes three primary members—the HRas, NRas, and KRas. These genes code for four functionally distinct yet closely related proteins—the HRas, NRas, KRas4A, and KRas4B. The involvement of mutant Ras genes in human cancer was first discovered in 1982 and is among the most common causes of human tumorigenesis.
Ras is a superfamily...
Robbers Cave04:49

Robbers Cave

During the 1950s, the landmark Robbers Cave experiment demonstrated that when groups must compete with one another, intergroup conflict, hostility, and even violence may result. At the Oklahoman summer camp, two troops of boys—termed the Rattlers and the Eagles—took part in a week-long tournament. During this time, their negativity culminated in derogatory name-calling, fistfights, and even vandalism and destruction of property. However, this work also revealed that such tension could be...
Rab Proteins01:14

Rab Proteins

Rab proteins constitute the largest family of monomeric GTPases, of which 70 members are present in humans. Rab proteins and their effectors regulate consecutive stages of vesicle transport such as vesicle transport, docking, and fusion to the correct recipient membrane.
Rab proteins switch between a cytosolic, GDP-bound inactive state and a membrane-anchored, GTP-bound active state. By themselves, Rabs show slow rates of GDP/GTP exchange and GTP hydrolysis. Thus, Rab proteins are considered...
Rabies01:28

Rabies

Rabies is a lethal zoonotic disease caused by a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of the Lyssavirus genus, within the family Rhabdoviridae. Its primary mode of transmission to humans is through bites or saliva-contaminated scratches from infected mammals such as dogs, bats, raccoons, or foxes. Transmission can also occur if infectious saliva contacts abraded skin or intact mucous membranes, including the conjunctiva.Viral Entry and Early ReplicationOnce introduced at the bite or scratch...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Characterize Disease-related Mutants of RAF Family Kinases by Using a Set of Practical and Feasible Methods
07:49

Characterize Disease-related Mutants of RAF Family Kinases by Using a Set of Practical and Feasible Methods

Published on: July 17, 2019

The brothers RAF.

Lawrence N Kwong1, Lynda Chin

  • 1Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Cell
|February 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Targeted molecular therapies show promise for cancer, but can have limitations. A study found that therapies effective against one melanoma subtype may harm another.

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Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET)-Based Assay for Measuring Interactions of CRAF with 14-3-3 Proteins in Live Cells

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Photoactivated Localization Microscopy with Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC-PALM)
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Photoactivated Localization Microscopy with Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC-PALM)

Published on: December 22, 2015

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Characterize Disease-related Mutants of RAF Family Kinases by Using a Set of Practical and Feasible Methods
07:49

Characterize Disease-related Mutants of RAF Family Kinases by Using a Set of Practical and Feasible Methods

Published on: July 17, 2019

Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET)-Based Assay for Measuring Interactions of CRAF with 14-3-3 Proteins in Live Cells
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Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET)-Based Assay for Measuring Interactions of CRAF with 14-3-3 Proteins in Live Cells

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Photoactivated Localization Microscopy with Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC-PALM)

Published on: December 22, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Targeted molecular therapies offer precision in cancer treatment.
  • These therapies aim to inhibit specific molecules driving cancer growth.
  • Melanoma, a skin cancer, comprises various subtypes with distinct molecular profiles.

Discussion:

  • Heidorn et al. (2010) investigated the differential effects of targeted therapies across melanoma subtypes.
  • The study identified a specific targeted therapy effective in one subtype.
  • This therapy demonstrated adverse clinical effects in a different melanoma subtype.

Key Insights:

  • Targeted therapies are not universally effective across all cancer subtypes.
  • Molecularly distinct cancer subtypes can exhibit differential responses to the same drug.
  • Clinical effectiveness in one subtype does not guarantee safety or efficacy in another.

Outlook:

  • Further research is needed to understand subtype-specific mechanisms of drug response and resistance.
  • Development of personalized treatment strategies tailored to individual melanoma subtypes is crucial.
  • This highlights the complexity of targeted cancer therapy and the need for careful patient stratification.