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Related Concept Videos

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...
Glycosaminoglycans01:23

Glycosaminoglycans

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), also known as mucopolysaccharides, are long and linear polymers comprising of specific repeating disaccharides - the amino sugar that can be N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine, and a uronic acid that is usually glucuronic acid or iduronic acid.
GAGS are found in the extracellular matrix of vertebrates, invertebrates, and bacteria. Due to their polar nature they attract water, and serve as excellent lubricants or shock absorbers in an animal body.
Hyaluronic...
Acid-Base Balance01:25

Acid-Base Balance

The human body maintains a narrow pH range regulated through acid-base balance. This balance is crucial as changes in the hydrogen ion concentration can disrupt cell membrane stability, alter protein structures, and change enzyme activities. The normal pH of arterial blood is 7.4, venous blood and interstitial fluid is 7.35, and intracellular fluid averages 7.0.
When the pH of arterial blood rises above 7.45, it results in a condition called alkalosis. Conversely, a drop below 7.35 leads to...
Osmosis01:30

Osmosis

Osmosis is the movement of free water molecules through a semipermeable membrane.  The water's concentration gradient across the membrane is inversely proportional to the solutes' concentration. Whereas diffusion transports material across membranes and within cells, osmosis transports only water across a membrane, and the membrane limits the diffusion of solutes in the water. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion.
Water, like other substances, moves from a high concentration of free water...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Synovial Fluid Analysis to Identify Osteoarthritis
07:51

Synovial Fluid Analysis to Identify Osteoarthritis

Published on: October 20, 2022

Changes in the synovial fluid caused by osmic Acid.

G Lörincz1, H A Isomäki, J Martio

  • 1Rheumatism Foundation Hospital, Heinola, Finland.

Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology
|February 11, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Osmic acid affects synovial fluid in rheumatic patients, initially causing leucopenia then leucocytosis. This suggests a new hypothesis for osmic acid

Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Biochemistry
  • Medical Science

Background:

  • Knee joint hydrops is a common condition in rheumatic diseases.
  • Synovial fluid analysis is crucial for understanding joint inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of osmic acid on synovial fluid in patients with rheumatic knee joint hydrops.
  • To analyze changes in synovial leucocyte counts and electrophoretic patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Studied 27 rheumatic patients with knee joint hydrops.
  • Monitored synovial leucocyte counts.
  • Examined synovial fluid electrophoretic patterns after osmic acid injection.

Main Results:

  • Osmic acid induced an initial leucopenia followed by leucocytosis in synovial fluid.

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Synovial Fluid Analysis to Identify Osteoarthritis
07:51

Synovial Fluid Analysis to Identify Osteoarthritis

Published on: October 20, 2022

A Friction Testing-Bioreactor Device for Study of Synovial Joint Biomechanics, Mechanobiology, and Physical Regulation
09:48

A Friction Testing-Bioreactor Device for Study of Synovial Joint Biomechanics, Mechanobiology, and Physical Regulation

Published on: June 2, 2022

  • A precipitate formation from hyaluronate was observed, potentially causing leucopenia.
  • Electrophoretic patterns showed transient changes in protein electric charges.

    • Conclusions:

    • Osmic acid's action on synovial fluid involves hyaluronate precipitation and protein charge alteration.
    • A new hypothesis for osmic acid's mechanism of action is proposed.
    • Synovial fluid electrophoretic patterns returned to normal within one week.