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Related Concept Videos

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...
Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...
Immunoglobulin-like Cell Adhesion Molecules01:31

Immunoglobulin-like Cell Adhesion Molecules

Immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules or Ig-CAMs are a versatile group of cell surface glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin protein superfamily. Ig-CAMs possess the characteristic immunoglobulin protein domains and other domains such as the fibronectin type III domain. The Ig domains are glycosylated to varying degrees in different Ig-CAMs.
Ig-CAMs exhibit either homophilic binding (to other Ig-CAMs) or heterophilic binding (to other ligands such as integrins). While most Ig-CAMs...
Transcytosis of IgG01:15

Transcytosis of IgG

Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
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Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
Antibody Structure and Classes01:25

Antibody Structure and Classes

Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are produced by B cells in response to foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses. These proteins are critical for recognizing and neutralizing these substances, protecting the body from potential harm.
The basic structure of an antibody consists of four protein chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. These chains are held together by disulfide bonds and other non-covalent interactions, forming a Y-shaped structure.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Generation of Two-color Antigen Microarrays for the Simultaneous Detection of IgG and IgM Autoantibodies
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Relationship Between IgG Complexes and ANTMgG Antibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

E Munthe1

  • 1Institute of Immunology and Rheumatology Rikshospitalet and Oslo Sanitetsforening University Hospitals, Oslo, Norway.

Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology
|February 11, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Rheumatoid tissues concentrate specific antibodies and immune complexes. IgG complexes can block antibody detection, potentially hiding IgM rheumatoid factor in "seronegative" patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of joints.
  • Rheumatoid factors (RFs) are autoantibodies commonly found in RA patients, aiding diagnosis.
  • The diagnostic utility of RFs, particularly IgM RF, can be limited by complex formation and tissue binding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and characteristics of antibodies and immune complexes in rheumatoid tissues.
  • To explore the phenomenon of antibody "blocking" by immune complexes in the context of RA.
  • To understand potential mechanisms for detecting IgM rheumatoid factor in "seronegative" RA patients.

Main Methods:

  • Selective elution of antibodies and immune complexes from rheumatoid and control tissues.
  • Analysis of eluted antibodies, including IgG, IgM rheumatoid factors, and antibodies to the IgG pepsin site.
  • Assessment of free antibody levels in eluates and corresponding patient serum.

Main Results:

  • A selective concentration of IgG, IgM rheumatoid factors, and anti-IgG antibodies was found in rheumatoid tissue eluates, but not in controls.
  • Many eluates with high IgG immune complex levels showed a lack of free anti-IgG antibodies, indicating complex-mediated blocking.
  • IgG complexes bound to tissue-bound antibodies, potentially masking the presence of IgM rheumatoid factor.

Conclusions:

  • Rheumatoid tissues selectively concentrate specific autoantibodies and immune complexes.
  • IgG immune complexes can effectively block the detection of free antibodies, including rheumatoid factors.
  • This blocking mechanism may explain the "seronegative" status in some RA patients, particularly regarding IgM rheumatoid factor detection.