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Related Concept Videos

The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...
Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
Bone Structure01:55

Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Laser Capture Microdissection of Mouse Embryonic Cartilage and Bone for Gene Expression Analysis
09:20

Laser Capture Microdissection of Mouse Embryonic Cartilage and Bone for Gene Expression Analysis

Published on: December 18, 2019

Differences in gene expression between the otic capsule and other bones.

Konstantina M Stankovic1, Osamu Adachi, Kunikazu Tsuji

  • 1Eaton Peabody Laboratory and Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114-3096, USA. konstantina_stankovic@meei.harvard.edu

Hearing Research
|February 12, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The otic capsule has unique molecular factors, including high osteoprotegerin (OPG) and bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1b (BMPR1B) expression, which likely inhibit bone remodeling.

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Bone Biology

Background:

  • Otosclerosis involves abnormal bone remodeling in the otic capsule.
  • Understanding the otic capsule's unique biology is crucial for developing therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Characterize molecular factors governing the otic capsule's low remodeling and poor healing.
  • Compare gene expression in the otic capsule to tibia and parietal bones.

Main Methods:

  • Real-time quantitative RT-PCR to measure 62 bone metabolism genes.
  • Bioinformatic analysis of gene expression data.
  • In situ hybridization to verify key gene expression patterns.

Main Results:

  • The otic capsule exhibits a distinct molecular profile compared to tibia and parietal bones.
  • High expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1b (BMPR1B) was observed in the otic capsule.
  • Low expression of bone morphogenetic protein 3 (BMP3) was noted in the otic capsule.

Conclusions:

  • OPG and BMPR1B are likely key inhibitors of otic capsule remodeling.
  • These findings provide insights into the molecular basis of otosclerosis pathology.