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Related Concept Videos

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight, compared...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Preterm EEG: A Multimodal Neurophysiological Protocol
19:32

Preterm EEG: A Multimodal Neurophysiological Protocol

Published on: February 18, 2012

Different pre-term formulas for different pre-term infants.

Silvia Fanaro1, Elisa Ballardini, Vittorio Vigi

  • 1Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, via Savonarola 9, Ferrara, Italy. silvia.fanaro@unife.it

Early Human Development
|February 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new infant formula with a higher protein-to-energy ratio (3.5 g/100 kcal) supports better weight gain in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. This optimized preterm infant nutrition is safe and effective, even with lower fluid and energy intake.

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Preterm EEG: A Multimodal Neurophysiological Protocol
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11:50

Clinical Practice Protocol of Creative Music Therapy for Preterm Infants and Their Parents in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Published on: January 7, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Nutrition
  • Pediatric Gastroenterology
  • Infant Development

Background:

  • Optimal nutrition is critical for preterm infant growth, aiming to mimic third-trimester fetal development.
  • Traditional preterm formulas may offer suboptimal protein levels, necessitating high volumes and excess macronutrients.
  • Very low birth weight (VLBW) infants require specialized nutritional support for appropriate growth.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate a new infant formula designed for VLBW infants with a higher protein-to-energy (P:E) ratio.
  • To compare the efficacy and tolerance of this new formula against fortified breast milk in preterm infants.
  • To assess the impact of the new formula on infant growth parameters and fluid/energy intake.

Main Methods:

  • A new infant formula with 2.9 g protein/100ml and a P:E ratio of 3.5 g/100 kcal was tested.
  • The new formula was administered to VLBW infants and compared to those receiving fortified breast milk.
  • Infant weight gain, length, head circumference, and fluid/energy intake were measured and compared between groups.

Main Results:

  • The new formula group showed significantly better weight gain (18.1 vs. 15.2 g/kg/day) compared to fortified breast milk (p=0.0015).
  • This improved growth was achieved with significantly lower fluid (157 vs. 177 ml/kg/day) and energy intake (130 vs. 151 kcal/kg/day).
  • No significant differences were observed in infant length or head circumference between the groups.

Conclusions:

  • The infant formula with a P:E ratio of 3.5 g/100 kcal is well-tolerated and promotes superior weight gain in VLBW infants.
  • This specialized formula allows for effective nutrition with reduced fluid and energy administration.
  • The findings suggest this formula is a safe and optimal choice for the nutritional management of the youngest preterm infants.