Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

The Central Dogma

The Central Dogma

The Central Dogma

The Central Dogma

The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information from DNA nucleotides to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
RNA is the Missing Link Between DNA and Proteins
In the early 1900s, scientists discovered that DNA stores all the information needed for cellular functions and that proteins perform most of these functions. However, the mechanisms of converting genetic information into functional proteins remained unknown for many years. Initially, it was believed that a single gene is...

The Central Dogma

The Central Dogma

The Central Dogma

The Central Dogma

The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information from DNA nucleotides to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
RNA is the Missing Link Between DNA and Proteins
In the early 1900s, scientists discovered that DNA stores all the information needed for cellular functions and that proteins perform most of these functions. However, the mechanisms of converting genetic information into functional proteins remained unknown for many years. Initially, it was believed that a single gene is...

Bacterial Transcription

Bacterial Transcription

RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
Transcription can be divided into three main stages, each involving distinct DNA sequences to guide the polymerase. These are:

From DNA to Protein

From DNA to Protein

The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

The interplay of bosentan and finerenone in amelioration of cardiac dysfunction within benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats.

Molecular biology reports·2026

Same author

Longitudinal Single-Axon-Resolution Imaging of Peripheral Nerve Injury Response in Mice Using an Optical Window Implant.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2026

Same author

Outcomes of mechanical and bioprosthetic surgical valve replacements in egypt: evidence from a narrative review and experts' survey.

Journal of cardiothoracic surgery·2026

Same author

Safety outcomes in 602 GERD patients treated by RefluxStop: a multi-center real-world study from 22 centers across six European countries.

Scientific reports·2026

Same author

Pillar or poison? Evaluating overdose and safety challenges in newer diabetic kidney disease medications.

Clinical kidney journal·2026

Same author

Percutaneous Stenting of LVAD Outflow Graft Obstruction: A Multimodality Imaging Case Series.

Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs

Published on: March 10, 2020

Essential molecular functions associated with the circular code evolution.

Ahmed Ahmed¹, Gabriel Frey, Christian J Michel

¹Equipe de Bioinformatique Théorique, FDBT, LSIIT UMR CNRS-ULP 7005, Université de Strasbourg, Pôle API, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67400 Illkirch, France. ahmed@dpt-info.u-strasbg.fr

Journal of Theoretical Biology

|February 16, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A new study reveals that specific trinucleotides (DNA building blocks) enhance gene stability and function, potentially explaining ancestral gene structures. This discovery links circular codes to essential molecular functions in genes.

More Related Videos

Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells

Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells

Published on: April 4, 2016

In Silico Identification and Characterization of circRNAs During Host-Pathogen Interactions

In Silico Identification and Characterization of circRNAs During Host-Pathogen Interactions

Published on: October 21, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs

Published on: March 10, 2020

Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells

Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells

Published on: April 4, 2016

In Silico Identification and Characterization of circRNAs During Host-Pathogen Interactions

In Silico Identification and Characterization of circRNAs During Host-Pathogen Interactions

Published on: October 21, 2022

Area of Science:

Genomics
Computational Biology
Molecular Evolution

Background:

Circular codes, sets of trinucleotides, enable gene reading frame retrieval without start codons.
A common circular code (X) was identified in eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes, suggesting it's an ancestral property.
Understanding molecular functions linked to circular codes requires advanced computational methods.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a computational approach for identifying molecular functions associated with circular codes using comparative genomics.
To analyze gene populations for circular codes and their relation to essential gene functions.
To investigate the role of specific trinucleotides in circular code stability and evolution.

Main Methods:

Utilized a statistical method (FPTF) to identify trinucleotide sets in gene frames.
Employed a flower automaton algorithm to validate circular codes.
Integrated a Gene Ontology and Taxonomy (iGOT) database for functional association analysis.
Developed a novel method to quantify trinucleotide set stability.

Main Results:

Identified 266 gene populations with circular codes similar to X, covering 98% of essential gene functions.
Discovered three "evolutionary" trinucleotides (GTG, AAG, GCG) prevalent in these gene populations.
Demonstrated that these evolutionary trinucleotides significantly increase the stability of the common circular code X.

Conclusions:

Circular codes are linked to essential molecular functions across diverse organisms.
The identified evolutionary trinucleotides play a crucial role in enhancing circular code stability.
This finding provides insights into the structural properties and evolution of ancestral genes.