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Related Concept Videos

Propagation of Waves01:07

Propagation of Waves

When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second medium. In such a case, the interface of the two mediums can be considered as a boundary that is neither fixed nor free.
Consider a scenario where a wave propagates from a string of low linear mass density to a string of high linear mass density. In such a case, the reflected wave is out of phase with respect to the incident wave, however the...
Standing Waves01:17

Standing Waves

Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a refrigerator, which is one example of standing waves. Vibrations from the refrigerator motor create waves on the milk that oscillate up and down but do not seem to move across the surface. These waves are formed or created by the superposition of two or more identical moving waves in opposite directions. The waves move through each other, with their...
Wave Parameters01:10

Wave Parameters

The simplest mechanical waves are associated with simple harmonic motion and repeat themselves for several cycles. These simple harmonic waves can be modeled using a combination of sine and cosine functions. Consider a simplified surface water wave that moves across the water's surface. Unlike complex ocean waves, in surface water waves, water moves vertically, oscillating up and down, whereas the disturbance of the wave moves horizontally through the medium. If a seagull is floating on the...
Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
Properties of Laplace Transform-II01:16

Properties of Laplace Transform-II

Time differentiation, convolution, integration, and periodicity are fundamental concepts in analyzing functions and signals over time. Each concept provides a unique perspective on how functions evolve, interact, and repeat, offering essential tools for various scientific and engineering applications.
Time differentiation involves analyzing the rate of change of a function over time. Mathematically, it is the derivative of a function with respect to time. This concept can be likened to tracking...
Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves01:30

Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves are consistent with Ampere's law. Assuming there is no conduction current Ampere's law is given as:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Measurements of Waves in a Wind-wave Tank Under Steady and Time-varying Wind Forcing
08:54

Measurements of Waves in a Wind-wave Tank Under Steady and Time-varying Wind Forcing

Published on: February 13, 2018

Temporal-Frequency Spectra for Waves Propagating over Straight and Folded Paths: a Comparison.

J Smith, T H Pries

    Applied Optics
    |February 16, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study analyzes how crosswind speed affects wave propagation spectra in turbulent atmospheres. Spherical wave analysis reveals path position modulation, potentially causing errors in turbulence measurements.

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    Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

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    Area of Science:

    • Atmospheric optics
    • Wave propagation in turbulence
    • Fluid dynamics

    Background:

    • Turbulent atmospheres significantly impact wave propagation.
    • Understanding log-amplitude fluctuations is crucial for remote sensing and communication.
    • Folded paths introduce complexities in wave propagation analysis.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To derive expressions for the relationship between crosswind speed and temporal-frequency spectra of log-amplitude fluctuations.
    • To investigate these relationships for both plane and spherical waves over folded paths.
    • To identify potential sources of error in turbulence measurements using optical methods.

    Main Methods:

    • Mathematical derivation of spectral expressions.
    • Analysis of plane and spherical wave propagation models.
    • Simulation of wave propagation over folded paths in a turbulent medium.

    Main Results:

    • Expressions were determined for the crosswind speed and temporal-frequency spectra relationship.
    • Spherical wave analysis revealed path position modulation in spectral content.
    • Detector displacement from the wave center was identified as a factor in modulation.

    Conclusions:

    • The spectral content of spherical waves contains information on both turbulence and path position.
    • Detector displacement can introduce significant errors in estimating turbulent motion from optical measurements.
    • Accurate characterization of wave propagation is essential for reliable atmospheric turbulence studies.