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Related Concept Videos

Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments01:30

Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments

Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments (EDMs) are essential tools in modern surveying, offering precise distance measurements by emitting electromagnetic signals and calculating the time required for these signals to travel to a target and return. Two primary types of signals are used in EDMs — light waves and microwaves — each suited to specific environmental and distance requirements. Light-wave-based EDMs utilize either infrared or laser light, providing high accuracy over short distances...
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The Doppler effect has several practical, real-world applications. For instance, meteorologists use Doppler radars to interpret weather events based on the Doppler effect. Typically, a transmitter emits radio waves at a specific frequency toward the sky from a weather station. The radio waves bounce off the clouds and precipitation and travel back to the weather station. The radio frequency of the waves reflected back to the station appears to decrease if the clouds or precipitation are moving...
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The Doppler effect and Doppler shift were named after the Austrian physicist and mathematician Christian Johann Doppler in 1842, who conducted experiments with both moving sources and moving observers. Consider an observer standing on a street corner, observing an ambulance with a siren sound passing by at a constant speed. The observer experiences two characteristic changes in the sound of the siren. Initially, the sound increases in loudness as the ambulance approaches and decreases in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Tracking Infiltration Front Depth Using Time-lapse Multi-offset Gathers Collected with Array Antenna Ground Penetrating Radar
07:14

Tracking Infiltration Front Depth Using Time-lapse Multi-offset Gathers Collected with Array Antenna Ground Penetrating Radar

Published on: May 1, 2018

Cloud-base water content measurement using single wavelength laser-radar data.

A Cohen

    Applied Optics
    |February 16, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study determines cloud droplet number density using monochromatic backscattering laser-radar data. The method analyzes cloud base profiles, detecting points with equal optical depth without needing multiple scattering knowledge.

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    Measurements of Waves in a Wind-wave Tank Under Steady and Time-varying Wind Forcing
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    Published on: February 13, 2018

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    Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

    Tracking Infiltration Front Depth Using Time-lapse Multi-offset Gathers Collected with Array Antenna Ground Penetrating Radar
    07:14

    Tracking Infiltration Front Depth Using Time-lapse Multi-offset Gathers Collected with Array Antenna Ground Penetrating Radar

    Published on: May 1, 2018

    Measurements of Waves in a Wind-wave Tank Under Steady and Time-varying Wind Forcing
    08:54

    Measurements of Waves in a Wind-wave Tank Under Steady and Time-varying Wind Forcing

    Published on: February 13, 2018

    Area of Science:

    • Atmospheric Science
    • Cloud Physics
    • Remote Sensing

    Background:

    • Cumulus clouds are crucial for weather and climate.
    • Accurate measurement of cloud droplet number density is essential for understanding cloud properties.
    • In situ measurements provide valuable data on continental cumulus cloud characteristics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine the number density of cloud droplets at the base of cumulus clouds.
    • To develop a method using monochromatic backscattering laser-radar data.
    • To analyze backscatter laser profiles and identify points of equal optical depth.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing monochromatic backscattering laser-radar (lidar) data.
    • Analyzing the backscatter laser profile from the cloud base.
    • Detecting points with equal optical-depth values within each profile.
    • Accounting for multiple scattering effects as a function of optical depth.

    Main Results:

    • A method for determining cloud droplet number density from lidar data was established.
    • The technique successfully analyzes cloud base profiles.
    • Optical depth variations were identified without explicit knowledge of multiple scattering contributions.

    Conclusions:

    • Monochromatic backscattering lidar data can effectively determine cloud droplet number density.
    • The developed method is robust and accounts for optical depth variations.
    • Further corrections for general cloud types are suggested based on lidar measurements.