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Related Concept Videos

Types of Receptors: Internal Receptors01:07

Types of Receptors: Internal Receptors

Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind intracellular receptors that reside within the cell cytoplasm or nucleus. Many mammalian steroid hormones and nitric oxide (NO) gas use this cell signaling mechanism.
Similar to membrane-bound receptors, the binding of a ligand to the intracellular receptor of causes a conformational change in the...
Internal Receptors01:31

Internal Receptors

Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.
Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors01:31

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors

Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes:
Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors01:27

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
Major types that are helpful drug targets include:
Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...
Intracellular Hormone Receptors01:08

Intracellular Hormone Receptors

Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse across the plasma and nuclear membrane of target cells to bind to their specific intracellular receptors. These receptors act as transcription factors that regulate gene expression and protein synthesis in the target cell

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Detecting the Ligand-binding Domain Dimerization Activity of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Using the Mammalian Two-Hybrid Assay
09:07

Detecting the Ligand-binding Domain Dimerization Activity of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Using the Mammalian Two-Hybrid Assay

Published on: December 19, 2018

Estrogen receptor action in three dimensions - looping the loop.

Vasiliki Theodorou1, Jason S Carroll

  • 1Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK.

Breast Cancer Research : BCR
|February 17, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New ChIA-PET technology maps estrogen receptor (ER) binding sites and chromatin loops in breast cancer cells. This unbiased approach links transcription factor binding to target genes, advancing genomic understanding.

More Related Videos

Systems Biology of Metabolic Regulation by Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer
10:36

Systems Biology of Metabolic Regulation by Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer

Published on: March 17, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Detecting the Ligand-binding Domain Dimerization Activity of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Using the Mammalian Two-Hybrid Assay
09:07

Detecting the Ligand-binding Domain Dimerization Activity of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Using the Mammalian Two-Hybrid Assay

Published on: December 19, 2018

Systems Biology of Metabolic Regulation by Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer
10:36

Systems Biology of Metabolic Regulation by Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer

Published on: March 17, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Advances in genomic technologies have expanded the understanding of estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated transcription in breast cancer.
  • Genome-wide mapping has identified numerous ER-binding events, but connecting these to specific target genes remains challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and validate a novel technique for comprehensively analyzing transcription factor binding and chromatin interactions.
  • To address the challenge of linking genome-wide binding events to target genes in the context of ER-mediated transcription.

Main Methods:

  • Description of Chromatin Interaction Analysis using Paired-End Tag sequencing (ChIA-PET).
  • ChIA-PET enables simultaneous, unbiased identification of genome-wide transcription factor binding sites.
  • This method also captures long-range chromatin loops associated with transcription factor binding.

Main Results:

  • ChIA-PET provides a direct method to identify functional connections between transcription factor binding sites.
  • The technique successfully maps both direct binding events and the resulting three-dimensional chromatin architecture.
  • This offers a more complete picture of gene regulation compared to previous methods.

Conclusions:

  • ChIA-PET is a powerful, unbiased tool for dissecting the mechanisms of transcription factor-mediated gene regulation.
  • This technology significantly advances the ability to link transcription factor binding to target genes, particularly in cancer genomics.
  • It offers new avenues for understanding complex gene regulatory networks.