The effect of viscoelasticity on the stability of a pulmonary airway liquid layer

The lungs consist of a network of bifurcating airways that are lined with a thin liquid film. This film is a bilayer consisting of a mucus layer on top of a periciliary fluid layer. Mucus is a non-Newtonian fluid possessing viscoelastic characteristics. Surface tension induces flows within the layer, which may cause the lung's airways to close due to liquid plug formation if the liquid film is sufficiently thick. The stability of the liquid layer is also influenced by the viscoelastic nature of the liquid, which is modeled using the Oldroyd-B constitutive equation or as a Jeffreys fluid. To examine the role of mucus alone, a single layer of a viscoelastic fluid is considered. A system of nonlinear evolution equations is derived using lubrication theory for the film thickness and the film flow rate. A uniform film is initially perturbed and a normal mode analysis is carried out that shows that the growth rate g for a viscoelastic layer is larger than for a Newtonian fluid with the same viscosity. Closure occurs if the minimum core radius, R(min)(t), reaches zero within one breath. Solutions of the nonlinear evolution equations reveal that R(min) normally decreases to zero faster with increasing relaxation time parameter, the Weissenberg number We. For small values of the dimensionless film thickness parameter epsilon, the closure time, t(c), increases slightly with We, while for moderate values of epsilon, ranging from 14% to 18% of the tube radius, t(c) decreases rapidly with We provided the solvent viscosity is sufficiently small. Viscoelasticity was found to have little effect for epsilon>0.18, indicating the strong influence of surface tension. The film thickness parameter epsilon and the Weissenberg number We also have a significant effect on the maximum shear stress on tube wall, max(tau(w)), and thus, potentially, an impact on cell damage. Max(tau(w)) increases with epsilon for fixed We, and it decreases with increasing We for small We provided the solvent viscosity parameter is sufficiently small. For large epsilon approximately 0.2, there is no significant difference between the Newtonian flow case and the large We cases.