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Related Concept Videos

Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
The Effect of Aging on Tissues01:19

The Effect of Aging on Tissues

Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Chronic stress has been linked to both the onset and progression of serious health conditions, including Type 2 diabetes and cancer. Type 2 diabetes, a widespread chronic illness, is closely associated with obesity and insulin resistance, both of which often worsen under stress. Studies indicate that men experiencing high levels of chronic stress face a 45% higher risk of developing diabetes compared to those with minimal stress. Stress triggers physiological responses that elevate blood...
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Cancer survival analysis focuses on quantifying and interpreting the time from a key starting point, such as diagnosis or the initiation of treatment, to a specific endpoint, such as remission or death. This analysis provides critical insights into treatment effectiveness and factors that influence patient outcomes, helping to shape clinical decisions and guide prognostic evaluations. A cornerstone of oncology research, survival analysis tackles the challenges of skewed, non-normally...
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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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Induction and Validation of Cellular Senescence in Primary Human Cells
08:18

Induction and Validation of Cellular Senescence in Primary Human Cells

Published on: June 20, 2018

Serum markers of apoptosis decrease with age and cancer stage.

Nilay Kavathia1, Alka Jain, Jeremy Walston

  • 1Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.

Aging
|February 17, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Aging is linked to reduced apoptosis, with women exhibiting higher apoptosis inhibitors (sFas) and men higher stimulators (sFasL). Cancer patients show subverted apoptosis markers, indicating disease progression.

Keywords:
agingapoptosiscancercytochrome cimmunosenescenceserum markers

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology and Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Research and Apoptosis Signaling

Background:

  • Aging involves a loss of homeostasis affecting molecular, cellular, and organ system functions.
  • Apoptosis, a key homeostatic pathway, plays a critical role in aging and disease pathophysiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess global apoptosis balance in clinically normal individuals.
  • To investigate gender and age-related differences in apoptosis markers.
  • To examine apoptosis marker profiles in breast and prostate cancer patients.

Main Methods:

  • Serum levels of sFas (apoptosis inhibitor), sFasL (apoptosis stimulator), and total cytochrome c were measured.
  • Analysis was conducted on 204 clinically normal subjects and separate cohorts of breast (n=66) and prostate cancer (n=38) patients.

Main Results:

  • Women showed significantly higher sFas and lower sFasL and cytochrome c compared to men.
  • Aging correlated with decreased apoptotic markers (cytochrome c) and pro-apoptotic factors (sFasL), and increased anti-apoptotic factors (sFas).
  • Cancer patients exhibited elevated sFas and reduced sFasL and cytochrome c, correlating with disease severity.

Conclusions:

  • Apoptosis balance shifts with age and gender, potentially influencing health and disease susceptibility.
  • Tumor cells subvert apoptosis, as indicated by altered marker levels in cancer patients.
  • The age-related decrease in global apoptosis may contribute to the increased incidence of diseases involving apoptosis dysregulation.