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The innovation of touch-tone telephony revolutionized the telecommunications industry by replacing the traditional rotary dial with a dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling system. This system uses a matrix-style keypad with buttons arranged in four rows and three columns, creating 12 distinct signals each assigned to a pair of frequencies. Each button press results in a simultaneous generation of two sinusoidal tones – one from a low-frequency group (697 to 941 Hz) and one from a...

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Updated: Jun 16, 2026

An Assessment Method and Toolkit to Evaluate Keyboard Design on Smartphones

An Assessment Method and Toolkit to Evaluate Keyboard Design on Smartphones

Published on: October 5, 2020

Analyzing performance with computer access technology using unconstrained text entry protocol.

Jennifer M Smith¹, Richard C Simpson

¹Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Technology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.

Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development

|February 17, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study shows how to analyze text entry, including errors, using unconstrained protocols. New keystroke savings measures evaluate word completion effectiveness for all users.

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Area of Science:

Human-Computer Interaction
Assistive Technology

Background:

Unconstrained text entry protocols offer a more natural research environment.
Analyzing the full keystroke stream, including errors, provides comprehensive performance data.

Purpose of the Study:

To apply unconstrained text entry protocols to word completion analysis.
To introduce and demonstrate novel measures of keystroke savings.

Main Methods:

Recruited eleven participants (five nondisabled, six with disabilities).
Collected time-stamped keystroke data during sentence transcription using an on-screen keyboard.
Compared text entry performance with and without word completion.

Main Results:

The analysis incorporated erroneous keystrokes and corrections for a complete performance evaluation.
Three new measures of keystroke savings were developed.
The application of these novel measures was successfully demonstrated.

Conclusions:

Unconstrained protocols are effective for evaluating text entry methods, including word completion.
The new keystroke savings metrics offer a more thorough assessment of text entry efficiency.
This approach benefits the design and analysis of assistive technologies for diverse users.