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Seizures l: Introduction

Seizures l: Introduction

Understanding seizures and epilepsy relies on key definitions that help in recognizing, classifying, and managing these disorders. These definitions provide a framework for recognizing, classifying, and managing seizure disorders.DefinitionsA seizure is a sudden, abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in awareness, movement, sensation, or behavior, depending on the area involved. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures,...

Seizures ll: Types

Seizures ll: Types

Seizures are sudden bursts of abnormal electrical discharge in the brain that interfere with normal function. They are commonly divided into three groups: focal seizures, generalized seizures, and other types that do not fit neatly into either category.Focal SeizuresFocal seizures begin in a single brain region. When awareness is preserved, they are called focal aware seizures and may cause sensations such as tingling, unusual smells, or flashing lights. When awareness is impaired, they are...

Seizures: Classification

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...

Epilepsy ll: Types

Epilepsy ll: Types

Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.

Hepatic Encephalopathy

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Manipulation of Epileptiform Electrocorticograms (ECoGs) and Sleep in Rats and Mice by Acupuncture

Manipulation of Epileptiform Electrocorticograms (ECoGs) and Sleep in Rats and Mice by Acupuncture

Published on: December 22, 2016

Persistent focal seizures after cat scratch encephalopathy.

Pue Farooque¹, Divya S Khurana, Joseph J Melvin

¹Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, and St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19134, USA. puef@hotmail.com

Pediatric Neurology

|February 18, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Cat scratch disease can cause persistent seizures and electroencephalographic changes in children, a condition known as cat scratch encephalopathy. This rare complication may lead to localization-related epilepsy, requiring medical investigation for new-onset partial seizures.

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Manipulation of Epileptiform Electrocorticograms (ECoGs) and Sleep in Rats and Mice by Acupuncture

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Published on: December 22, 2016

Inducing Post-Traumatic Epilepsy in a Mouse Model of Repetitive Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury

Inducing Post-Traumatic Epilepsy in a Mouse Model of Repetitive Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury

Published on: February 10, 2020

Area of Science:

Neurology
Infectious Diseases
Pediatrics

Background:

Status epilepticus is a neurological emergency.
Cat scratch disease is a bacterial infection caused by Bartonella henselae.
Encephalopathy can be a complication of infectious diseases.

Observation:

A 9-year-old child experienced status epilepticus and was diagnosed with cat scratch disease.
The child exhibited persistent focal seizures and electroencephalographic (EEG) abnormalities for 18 months post-status epilepticus.
This is the third reported case linking cat scratch disease-induced status epilepticus to prolonged seizures or EEG changes.

Findings:

Cat scratch encephalopathy may be an underrecognized cause of new-onset focal seizures.
Persistent focal seizures and EEG changes can occur after status epilepticus secondary to cat scratch disease.
Localization-related epilepsy may be a sequela of cat scratch encephalopathy.

Implications:

Clinicians should consider cat scratch encephalopathy in the differential diagnosis of new-onset partial seizures, especially in pediatric patients.
Further research is warranted to understand the pathophysiology and long-term neurological outcomes of cat scratch encephalopathy.
Early recognition and management of cat scratch disease may potentially prevent or mitigate neurological complications like epilepsy.