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Telomeres and Telomerase02:41

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.
Telomeres and Telomerase02:41

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.
Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...
Replication in Eukaryotes02:31

Replication in Eukaryotes

Overview
Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes

Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
There are several different mechanisms used to attenuate transcription. In ribosome mediated...
Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart, a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Generation of Cancer Cell Clones to Visualize Telomeric Repeat-containing RNA TERRA Expressed from a Single Telomere in Living Cells
09:13

Generation of Cancer Cell Clones to Visualize Telomeric Repeat-containing RNA TERRA Expressed from a Single Telomere in Living Cells

Published on: January 17, 2019

Telomeric TuRF1 wars.

Shireen A Sarraf1, J Wade Harper

  • 1Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Developmental Cell
|February 18, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The shelterin component TIN2 and SCF(FBX4) ubiquitin ligase compete to regulate TRF1 protein levels. This battle controls telomere length and maintains genomic stability.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular biology
  • Cell biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The TRF1 protein is a key component of the shelterin complex.
  • Shelterin complex regulates telomere length by controlling telomerase access to chromosome ends.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the atomic-level mechanism of TRF1 regulation.
  • To understand how SCF(FBX4) and TIN2 interaction impacts telomere length homeostasis.

Main Methods:

  • Structural biology
  • Biochemical assays
  • Ubiquitination assays

Main Results:

  • Detailed atomic structure of the SCF(FBX4)-TIN2-TRF1 complex.
  • Demonstrated competition between SCF(FBX4) and TIN2 for TRF1 binding.
  • Showcased how this competition regulates TRF1 ubiquitination and degradation.

Conclusions:

  • The interplay between SCF(FBX4) and TIN2 is crucial for controlling TRF1 abundance.
  • This regulatory mechanism ensures proper telomere length maintenance and genomic integrity.