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Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...

Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Dilated cardiomyopathy, or DCM, is a progressive myocardial disorder characterized by ventricular chamber dilation and contractile dysfunction.EtiologyVarious factors can cause DCM, including hypertension and heavy alcohol intake, which contribute to the weakening and enlargement of the heart muscle. Viral infections, such as Coxsackievirus B, adenoviruses, and influenza, can lead to DCM by causing inflammation and damage to heart tissue. Certain chemotherapeutic agents, including daunorubicin,...

Heart Failure I: Introduction

Heart Failure I: Introduction

Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

A Pacing-Controlled Procedure for the Assessment of Heart Rate-Dependent Diastolic Functions in Murine Heart Failure Models

A Pacing-Controlled Procedure for the Assessment of Heart Rate-Dependent Diastolic Functions in Murine Heart Failure Models

Published on: July 21, 2023

Peripartum heart failure caused by left ventricular diastolic dysfunction.

Felix J Rogers¹, Sarah Cooper

¹Cardiology Program at Oakwood Southshore Medical Center in Trenton, Michigan, USA. fjrogers@aol.com

The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association

|February 18, 2010

Summary

Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) may affect women with normal ejection fraction, suggesting a broader definition is needed. Expanding the PPCM definition could improve care for pregnant women with heart failure.

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A Pacing-Controlled Procedure for the Assessment of Heart Rate-Dependent Diastolic Functions in Murine Heart Failure Models

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Induction of Right Ventricular Failure by Pulmonary Artery Constriction and Evaluation of Right Ventricular Function in Mice

Induction of Right Ventricular Failure by Pulmonary Artery Constriction and Evaluation of Right Ventricular Function in Mice

Published on: May 13, 2019

Area of Science:

Cardiology
Obstetrics
Maternal-Fetal Medicine

Background:

Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a rare heart condition affecting women late in pregnancy or postpartum.
Current diagnostic criteria for PPCM focus solely on left ventricular systolic dysfunction.

Observation:

A case study highlights peripartum heart failure in a patient with preserved ejection fraction.
This suggests that left ventricular diastolic dysfunction may also be a feature of PPCM.

Findings:

The study challenges the narrow definition of PPCM by presenting a case with normal ejection fraction.
It proposes expanding the definition to encompass cases with diastolic dysfunction.

Implications:

A revised PPCM definition could lead to earlier diagnosis and intervention for affected women.
This may improve outcomes, particularly for those planning future pregnancies, given the higher risks associated with recurrent pregnancy-related heart failure.