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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Chemical Reversion of Conventional Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to a Naïve-like State with Improved Multilineage Differentiation Potency
09:07

Chemical Reversion of Conventional Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to a Naïve-like State with Improved Multilineage Differentiation Potency

Published on: June 10, 2018

Induced pluripotent reprogramming from promiscuous human stemness related factors.

Timothy J Nelson1, Almudena Martinez-Fernandez, Satsuki Yamada

  • 1Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.

Clinical and Translational Science
|February 18, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Human stemness genes can reprogram non-human cells, creating induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. This cross-species reprogramming demonstrates the conserved nature of stemness and its potential in developmental biology research.

Keywords:
HIVKLF4OCT3/4SOX2c-MYCchimeraiPSlentiviralortholog

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Selecting and Isolating Colonies of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Reprogrammed from Adult Fibroblasts
13:23

Selecting and Isolating Colonies of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Reprogrammed from Adult Fibroblasts

Published on: February 20, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Chemical Reversion of Conventional Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to a Naïve-like State with Improved Multilineage Differentiation Potency
09:07

Chemical Reversion of Conventional Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to a Naïve-like State with Improved Multilineage Differentiation Potency

Published on: June 10, 2018

Selecting and Isolating Colonies of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Reprogrammed from Adult Fibroblasts
13:23

Selecting and Isolating Colonies of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Reprogrammed from Adult Fibroblasts

Published on: February 20, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Gene Therapy

Background:

  • Ectopic expression of pluripotency genes induces nuclear reprogramming to generate induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
  • Investigating the evolutionary conservation of stemness orthologs across species is crucial for understanding reprogramming mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the conserved function of stemness orthologs through interspecies transduction.
  • To engineer lentiviral vectors for efficient cross-species gene delivery and reprogramming.

Main Methods:

  • Designed HIV-based lentiviral vectors with modified capsid regions for enhanced infectivity and trans-species tropism.
  • Transduced non-human fibroblasts with human pluripotency genes (OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4, c-MYC) using engineered vectors.
  • Assessed reprogramming by evaluating cell morphology, in vitro differentiation, in vivo teratoma formation, and contribution to chimeric embryos.

Main Results:

  • Human pluripotent genes were consistently expressed in non-human fibroblasts, yielding cell lines with embryonic stem cell-like morphology.
  • Transduced fibroblasts differentiated in vitro into all three germ layers and formed teratomas with multi-lineage potential in vivo.
  • Reprogrammed cells contributed to chimeric embryos, demonstrating competent organogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Ectopic xeno-transduction across species effectively reprograms somatic cells, highlighting the conserved nature of stemness induction.
  • This model system provides a prototypic approach to study human stemness factor reprogramming within normal embryonic development.
  • The promiscuous nature of stemness induction suggests evolutionary selection of core reprogramming processes.