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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

Batteries and Fuel Cells

A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
Electrochemical Cells01:28

Electrochemical Cells

Electrochemical cells are systems that convert chemical energy into electrical energy or use electrical energy to drive chemical reactions. They consist of two electrodes in contact with an electrolyte, where redox reactions enable electron transfer. Most electrochemical cells include two half-cells connected by an external wire for electron flow and a salt bridge for ion flow. The salt bridge contains an electrolyte solution and maintains charge neutrality by allowing ions—not electrons—to...
Voltaic/Galvanic Cells02:47

Voltaic/Galvanic Cells

Spontaneous Chemical Reactions
Spontaneous redox reactions occur abundantly in nature. The chemical reaction occurring in a disposable AA battery powering our remote controls is one such example of a spontaneous redox reaction. Another example is the immersion of coiled copper wire into an aqueous silver nitrate solution. The reaction shows a gradual, visually impressive color change from colorless to bright blue and the formation of a grey precipitate on the copper wire. In this experiment,...
Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
10:03

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

Published on: November 11, 2013

Dense core-shell structured SnO2/C composites as high performance anodes for lithium ion batteries.

Jun Liu1, Wen Li, Arumugam Manthiram

  • 1Materials Science and Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|February 18, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Dense core-shell structured tin dioxide/carbon composite anodes show improved performance in lithium-ion cells. These advanced anodes outperform hollow or traditional core-shell designs for better energy storage.

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Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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Published on: November 11, 2013

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Preparation of Graphene Liquid Cells for the Observation of Lithium-ion Battery Material
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Lithium-ion cells are crucial for portable electronics and electric vehicles.
  • Developing high-performance anode materials is key to advancing battery technology.
  • Tin dioxide (SnO2) is a promising anode material, but its practical application is limited by volume expansion issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize dense core-shell structured SnO2/C composite anodes.
  • To evaluate the electrochemical performance of these novel anodes in lithium-ion cells.
  • To compare their performance against hollow SnO2 and traditional core-shell SnO2/C anodes.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of dense core-shell SnO2/C composites.
  • Fabrication of anode electrodes.
  • Electrochemical testing using coin cells (e.g., cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge).
  • Material characterization (e.g., SEM, TEM, XRD).

Main Results:

  • Dense core-shell SnO2/C anodes demonstrated superior rate capability and cycling stability.
  • The dense structure effectively mitigated the volume expansion of SnO2 during lithiation/delithiation.
  • Performance metrics surpassed those of hollow SnO2 and traditional core-shell SnO2/C anodes.

Conclusions:

  • Dense core-shell structured SnO2/C composites represent a highly effective anode architecture for lithium-ion batteries.
  • This design offers a viable strategy for overcoming the limitations of SnO2-based anodes.
  • The findings pave the way for next-generation high-energy-density lithium-ion cells.