Noninvasive tracing of Krebs cycle metabolism in liver

To quantify intrahepatic Krebs cycle metabolism, phenyl acetate, excreted in urine as a glutamine conjugate, was given to healthy subjects infused with [3-14C]lactate. They were studied after 60 h of fasting and when given glucose after an overnight fast. Distributions of 14C in glutamate from urinary phenylacetylglutamine and blood glucose were determined. Corrections to the distributions because of the fixation of 14CO2 formed from the [3-14C]lactate were determined by administering [14C]bicarbonate. Comparisons of distributions in glucose and glutamate support the assumption that the glutamate distributions reflect those in hepatic alpha-ketoglutarate. From the distributions in glutamate, the extent of exchange of labeled with unlabeled carbons and relative flow rates in the cycle in liver were estimated. Dilution of 14C by 12C in the cycle was found in the fasted but not the fed state. In the fasted state, pyruvate carboxylation was estimated to be at least twice the rate of Krebs cycle flux and the rate of pyruvate's decarboxylation less than 1/25 the rate of its carboxylation. In the fed state, the rate of decarboxylation was estimated to be between one-sixth and one-half the rate of carboxylation. The rate of conversion of oxalacetate to fumarate in both states appeared to be greater than 6 times the rate of Krebs cycle flux.