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Fluid Pressure

Fluid Pressure

In mechanical engineering, fluid pressure plays a critical role in designing systems that utilize liquid flow, such as hydraulic systems, pumps, and valves. When designing these systems, engineers must ensure they can withstand the forces created by fluid pressure to avoid damage or failure.
According to Pascal's law, a fluid at rest will generate equal pressure in all directions. This pressure is measured as a force per unit area, and its magnitude depends on the fluid's specific weight or...

The Phragmoplast

The Phragmoplast

Cell division is essential for organismal growth and development. In animal cells, the central spindle and its associated proteins form the midbody, a structure that has an essential role in cytokinesis. In plants, the central spindle, along with the microtubules, actin, and other cell components, matures into the phragmoplast, which is necessary for cytokinesis. Unlike the stationary midbody, the phragmoplast expands centrifugally, eventually leading to the formation of the new cell wall.
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Pressure of Fluids

Pressure of Fluids

There are many examples of pressure in fluids in everyday life, such as in relation to blood (high or low blood pressure) and in relation to weather (high- and low-pressure weather systems). A given force can have a significantly different effect, depending on the area over which the force is exerted. For instance, a force applied to an area of 1 mm2 has a pressure that is 100 times greater than the same force applied to an area of 1 cm2. That's why a sharp needle is able to poke through skin...

Fluid Pressure over Flat Plate of Variable Width

Fluid Pressure over Flat Plate of Variable Width

When a flat plate is submerged in a fluid, the fluid exerts pressure on the plate. This pressure can lead to many different phenomena, including drag and buoyancy. To understand the behavior of the fluid over a flat plate of variable width, it is essential to analyze the distribution of the pressure exerted.
The pressure distribution on the plate can be calculated by determining the force that acts on a differential area strip of the plate. Thus, the magnitude of the force is equal to the...

States of Water

States of Water

Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...

Fluid Pressure over Flat Plate of Constant Width

Fluid Pressure over Flat Plate of Constant Width

When a body is submerged in water, it experiences fluid pressure acting normal on its surface and distributed over its area. For better design structures, it is crucial to determine the magnitude and location of the resultant force acting on the surface. In the case of a rectangular plate of constant width submerged in water, the pressure increases with depth, resulting in a linearly varying trapezoidal pressure distribution from the upper to the lower edge of the plate.
The resultant force...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

Published on: June 8, 2016

PHEEM 'downunder'.

Jenny Gough¹, Marilyn Bullen, Susan Donath

¹Department of Paediatrics,, The University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. jenny.gough@rch.org.au

Medical Teacher

|February 19, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The Postgraduate Hospital Education Environment Measure (PHEEM) is valuable for assessing hospital education environments in Australia. Most hospitals showed improvement, highlighting areas like feedback and protected training time for better medical education.

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Area of Science:

Medical Education Research
Healthcare Quality Improvement
Hospital Administration

Background:

The Postgraduate Hospital Education Environment Measure (PHEEM) is a validated tool for assessing medical education environments.
Previous studies have utilized PHEEM in various international contexts.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the acceptability and utility of the PHEEM in a multi-institutional Australian project.
To adapt the PHEEM for localized terminology and hospital tracking.

Main Methods:

A nine-hospital project was established across Australia over two years.
The PHEEM underwent language adaptation for Australian terminology.
Demographic sections were adjusted for hospital-specific tracking.

Main Results:

Over 400 PHEEMs were collected, with eight hospitals showing a 'positive but improvable' educational environment.
One hospital achieved an 'excellent' environment score; none fell into the lowest categories.
Key areas for improvement included feedback, information/support, infrastructure, and interruptions, while teachers, personal security, and teamwork scored highly.

Conclusions:

The PHEEM is a valuable instrument for systematically evaluating hospital educational environments.
The study identified specific areas needing attention, including protected training time, paging practices, and feedback mechanisms for trainees.