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Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers01:16

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment muscles originate from the humerus. They primarily function as flexors and are also known as flexor muscles. They typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi radialis,...
Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

Muscles that Move the Forearm

The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

An Objective and Child-friendly Assessment of Arm Function by Using a 3-D Sensor
07:25

An Objective and Child-friendly Assessment of Arm Function by Using a 3-D Sensor

Published on: February 12, 2018

A boy unable to move his arm.

Rebecca M Cantu1, Russell W Steele

  • 1Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA. rcantu@tulane.edu

Clinical Pediatrics
|February 19, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A boy with transverse myelitis experienced a relapse with a new rash, revealing a herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. This case highlights the importance of considering viral causes in myelitis relapses.

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Transverse myelitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the spinal cord.
  • Recurrent herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections can manifest in various ways.

Observation:

  • An 11-year-old boy presented with symptoms of transverse myelitis, including paralysis and pain.
  • He had a history of recurrent facial vesicular rashes.
  • Following initial treatment for myelitis, he developed a new vesicular rash and systemic symptoms.

Findings:

  • Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed cervical cord inflammation consistent with transverse myelitis.
  • Microscopic examination of vesicles revealed herpes group virus.
  • Viral culture identified herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1).

Implications:

  • This case suggests HSV-1 can cause or exacerbate transverse myelitis, particularly in relapsing cases.
  • Diagnostic considerations for transverse myelitis should include atypical viral etiologies.
  • Prompt identification and treatment of viral infections are crucial for managing myelitis relapses.