Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Seven Crystal Systems: Overview01:24

The Seven Crystal Systems: Overview

Crystals with various point group symmetries belong to different crystal classes, which are synonymous terms. Despite being in the same class, crystals may have distinct shapes, like cubes and octahedra. There are 32 three-dimensional point groups, all of which are systematically divided into seven crystal systems.The basic cubic crystal system, exemplified by NaCl, features orthogonal vectors (α = β = �� = 90°) of equal lengths (a = b = c). When specific requirements are not imposed on the...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
Crystallographic Point Groups01:29

Crystallographic Point Groups

Crystallographic point groups represent the various symmetry operations that can occur within crystals. They are unique in that at least one point will always remain unchanged during these actions. For instance, consider the triclinic system. This system, devoid of any axis or plane of symmetry, aligns with the C1 and Ci point groups.where Cᵢ is characterized solely by a center of inversion.Contrastingly, the monoclinic system introduces an element of symmetry. This system with one plane and...
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A bacteriophytochrome Pr/Pfr heterodimer studied through single-particle time-resolved cryo-electron microscopy.

Communications chemistry·2026
Same author

Bridging the Energy Balance Gap in Eddy-Covariance Measurements: Insights From Standardized Network Data.

Global change biology·2026
Same author

Absolute scaling of small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering images recorded with short duration X-ray pulses on a large area fiber-taper X-ray detector.

Journal of synchrotron radiation·2026
Same author

Time-resolved Mn K<sub>α</sub> emission reveals early redox dynamics in the S<sub>3</sub> to S<sub>0</sub> transition of the photosystem II Kok cycle.

The Journal of biological chemistry·2026
Same author

Ultrafast, remote-controlled protonation reaction enables structural changes in a phytochrome.

Science advances·2025
Same author

Capturing the short-lived excited singlet state in crystals of a TADF silver(I) complex.

Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Microcrystallography of Protein Crystals and In Cellulo Diffraction
09:35

Microcrystallography of Protein Crystals and In Cellulo Diffraction

Published on: July 21, 2017

Five-dimensional crystallography.

Marius Schmidt1, Tim Graber, Robert Henning

  • 1Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA. m-schmidt@uwm.edu

Acta Crystallographica. Section A, Foundations of Crystallography
|February 19, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Five-dimensional crystallography, incorporating temperature, enables detailed study of macromolecular reaction mechanisms. This novel approach successfully captured kinetic differences in the photoactive yellow protein photocycle at varying temperatures.

More Related Videos

On-Chip Crystallization and Large-Scale Serial Diffraction at Room Temperature
07:42

On-Chip Crystallization and Large-Scale Serial Diffraction at Room Temperature

Published on: March 11, 2022

Fully Autonomous Characterization and Data Collection from Crystals of Biological Macromolecules
07:11

Fully Autonomous Characterization and Data Collection from Crystals of Biological Macromolecules

Published on: March 22, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Microcrystallography of Protein Crystals and In Cellulo Diffraction
09:35

Microcrystallography of Protein Crystals and In Cellulo Diffraction

Published on: July 21, 2017

On-Chip Crystallization and Large-Scale Serial Diffraction at Room Temperature
07:42

On-Chip Crystallization and Large-Scale Serial Diffraction at Room Temperature

Published on: March 11, 2022

Fully Autonomous Characterization and Data Collection from Crystals of Biological Macromolecules
07:11

Fully Autonomous Characterization and Data Collection from Crystals of Biological Macromolecules

Published on: March 22, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Structural Biology
  • Chemical Kinetics

Background:

  • Understanding complex macromolecular reaction mechanisms requires advanced analytical techniques.
  • Traditional methods often lack the resolution to capture dynamic changes influenced by temperature.
  • The photoactive yellow protein photocycle is a key model system for studying protein dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel method for determining comprehensive chemical kinetic mechanisms using five-dimensional crystallography.
  • To demonstrate the feasibility of five-dimensional crystallography by analyzing the photoactive yellow protein photocycle.
  • To investigate the influence of temperature on macromolecular reaction kinetics.

Main Methods:

  • Development and application of five-dimensional crystallography, integrating space, time, and temperature.
  • Analysis of crystallographic data using singular value decomposition.
  • Conducting temperature-dependent, time-resolved X-ray diffraction measurements at the Advanced Photon Source BioCARS 14-ID-B beamline.

Main Results:

  • Collected extensive time-series crystallographic data at 293 K and 303 K.
  • Extracted relaxation times from the time-series data revealed measurable differences at the two temperatures.
  • Demonstrated the practical feasibility of five-dimensional crystallography for kinetic studies.

Conclusions:

  • Five-dimensional crystallography is a viable technique for elucidating detailed kinetic mechanisms in macromolecular reactions.
  • Temperature significantly impacts the kinetics of the photoactive yellow protein photocycle, as evidenced by the study.
  • This method provides a powerful new tool for understanding dynamic processes in biological macromolecules.