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Related Concept Videos

Pleiotropy01:33

Pleiotropy

Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...
Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.
Multi-species Conserved Sequences02:51

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale  studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
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Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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Multiple Allele Traits

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Multiple Allele Traits

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Navigating MARRVEL, a Web-Based Tool that Integrates Human Genomics and Model Organism Genetics Information
09:37

Navigating MARRVEL, a Web-Based Tool that Integrates Human Genomics and Model Organism Genetics Information

Published on: August 15, 2019

Remarkably ancient balanced polymorphisms in a multi-locus gene network.

Chris Todd Hittinger1, Paula Gonçalves, José Paulo Sampaio

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.

Nature
|February 19, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals a novel type of genetic variation in yeast, where entire gene networks are maintained in distinct states for millions of years. This complex polymorphism, involving the galactose (GAL) gene network, challenges simple models of evolution.

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In Vivo Functional Study of Disease-associated Rare Human Variants Using Drosophila
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In Vivo Functional Study of Disease-associated Rare Human Variants Using Drosophila

Published on: August 20, 2019

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Navigating MARRVEL, a Web-Based Tool that Integrates Human Genomics and Model Organism Genetics Information
09:37

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Published on: August 15, 2019

In Vivo Functional Study of Disease-associated Rare Human Variants Using Drosophila
06:41

In Vivo Functional Study of Disease-associated Rare Human Variants Using Drosophila

Published on: August 20, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary genetics
  • Population genetics
  • Molecular evolution

Background:

  • Local adaptations are often driven by multiple interacting genes, posing challenges for evolutionary models due to recombination.
  • Single-locus models fail to explain the maintenance of complex genetic variation within species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize novel forms of intraspecific genetic variation.
  • To investigate the evolutionary history and maintenance mechanisms of complex gene networks within a species.

Main Methods:

  • Genome sequencing of Saccharomyces kudriavzevii strains.
  • Comparative genomics to analyze gene network states.
  • Experimental validation of gene function and regulatory roles.

Main Results:

  • Discovered two distinct states of the galactose (GAL) utilization gene network in Saccharomyces kudriavzevii: functional (Portuguese strains) and non-functional pseudogenes (Japanese strains).
  • Demonstrated that these polymorphisms have been maintained for the species' evolutionary history, predating recent gene flow.
  • Identified the inactivation of GAL3 and GAL80 regulatory genes as key factors in the origin and persistence of these distinct network states.

Conclusions:

  • Introduced a new model of balanced, unlinked gene network polymorphism as a significant factor in intraspecific variation.
  • Suggests that such complex genetic variation, maintained over long evolutionary timescales, may be more common than previously thought.