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Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...

Precipitation Processes

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...

Precipitation Titration Curve: Analysis

Precipitation Titration Curve: Analysis

The precipitation titration curve demonstrates the change in concentration of one reactant with the volume of titrant added. During the titration of chloride ions with silver nitrate, the precipitation titration curve is divided into three regions: before, at, and after the equivalence point. Before the equivalence point, low redissolution of the sparingly soluble silver chloride precipitate gives a low silver ion concentration. However, in the second region, representing the equivalence point,...

Precipitation Titration: Endpoint Detection Methods

Precipitation Titration: Endpoint Detection Methods

In argentometric precipitation titrations, endpoints can be detected visually by the Mohr, Volhard, and Fajans methods. In the Mohr method, adding a soluble chromate indicator gives an initial yellow color to the analyte solution. As the titrant is added, the first excess of silver ions forms a red silver chromate precipitate, marking the endpoint. The solution pH should be maintained at about 8 by adding solid CaCO3.
In the Volhard method, a standard excess of AgNO3 is first added to the...

Pore Size Distribution

Pore Size Distribution

In concrete, the pore size distribution significantly influences the material's properties. Capillary pores, markedly larger than gel pores, form a vast network within partially hydrated cement paste, reducing the concrete's strength and increasing its permeability. This heightened permeability leads to a greater risk of damage from environmental factors like freeze-thaw cycles and chemical attacks, with the extent of vulnerability also being tied to the water-to-cement ratio.
Adequate...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

$Measuring Spray Droplet Size from Agricultural Nozzles Using Laser Diffraction$

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Inversion techniques for determining the droplet size distribution in clouds: numerical examination.

L C Chow, C L Tien

|February 19, 2010

Summary

The Phillips-Twomey technique more accurately determines cloud water droplet size distributions from light scattering data compared to the Backus-Gilbert method. It also demonstrates superior stability against random errors in scattering measurements.

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

$Measuring Spray Droplet Size from Agricultural Nozzles Using Laser Diffraction$

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Published on: September 16, 2016

Capillary-based Centrifugal Microfluidic Device for Size-controllable Formation of Monodisperse Microdroplets

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High Throughput Analysis of Liquid Droplet Impacts

High Throughput Analysis of Liquid Droplet Impacts

Published on: March 6, 2020

Area of Science:

Atmospheric Science
Cloud Physics
Remote Sensing

Background:

Accurate determination of cloud water droplet size distribution is crucial for understanding cloud properties and climate.
Inversion techniques are essential for retrieving microphysical parameters from remote sensing measurements.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the effectiveness of Phillips-Twomey and Backus-Gilbert inversion techniques for retrieving cloud droplet size distributions.
To assess the stability of these techniques when applied to backward-angle light scattering data.

Main Methods:

Numerical simulation of Mie scattering functions to generate light scattering data.
Application of Phillips-Twomey and Backus-Gilbert inversion techniques to recover droplet size distributions.
Comparison of recovered distributions with an assumed model and evaluation of stability against introduced random errors.

Main Results:

The Phillips-Twomey technique yielded better agreement between the assumed and recovered droplet size distributions.
The Phillips-Twomey technique exhibited greater stability when subjected to artificial random errors in the scattering data.

Conclusions:

The Phillips-Twomey inversion technique is more suitable for determining cloud water droplet size distributions from backward-angle light scattering data.
Phillips-Twomey offers improved accuracy and robustness against noise compared to the Backus-Gilbert method in this application.