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Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene π orbitals.
Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Characterization of Anisotropic Leaky Mode Modulators for Holovideo
09:36

Characterization of Anisotropic Leaky Mode Modulators for Holovideo

Published on: March 19, 2016

Nonlinear holographic waveguide coupler.

B J Chang, S K Case

    Applied Optics
    |February 19, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Higher order Bragg diffraction in volume holograms is driven by nonlinear refractive index modulation at high exposure. This finding enables novel high-frequency waveguide couplers.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Holography
    • Nonlinear Optics

    Background:

    • Volume holograms exhibit Bragg diffraction, a phenomenon crucial for optical devices.
    • Higher-order diffraction effects in holographic structures are complex and depend on various physical parameters.
    • Nonlinear optical effects can significantly alter light propagation and interaction within materials.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To experimentally investigate the dominant mechanisms governing higher-order Bragg diffraction in volume holograms under high exposure conditions.
    • To explore the role of nonlinear refractive index modulation in this diffraction regime.
    • To propose a novel application based on these findings for optical device fabrication.

    Main Methods:

    • Experimental setup for high-exposure holographic recording and diffraction analysis.
    • Characterization of volume holograms using optical probing techniques.
    • Analysis of diffraction patterns to identify dominant modulation mechanisms.

    Main Results:

    • Experimental evidence confirms that nonlinear refractive index modulation dominates higher-order Bragg diffraction in volume holograms at high exposure levels.
    • The study quantifies the contribution of nonlinear effects to the observed diffraction orders.
    • Demonstration of the feasibility of utilizing nonlinear modulation for device applications.

    Conclusions:

    • Nonlinear refractive index modulation is the key factor in high-order Bragg diffraction of volume holograms under high exposure.
    • This understanding facilitates the design and construction of advanced optical components.
    • The proposed application involves creating high-frequency volume-grating waveguide couplers leveraging nonlinear effects.