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Related Concept Videos

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
IR Spectrum01:19

IR Spectrum

When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
Transmittance is defined as the ratio of the radiant power passing through a sample to that from the radiation's source. Multiplying the transmittance by 100 gives the percent transmittance (%T), which varies between 100% (no absorption) and 0% (complete...
IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region01:03

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the C=O, C=N, and C=C occur between 1600–1850 cm−1.
The...
IR Absorption Frequency: Delocalization01:04

IR Absorption Frequency: Delocalization

Electron delocalization refers to the distribution of electrons across multiple atoms within a molecule rather than being confined to a single atom or bond. This phenomenon is common in systems with conjugated bonds—structures where alternating single and double bonds allow π-electrons to move freely across the network. The movement of electrons stabilizes the molecule and can affect various chemical properties, including vibrational frequencies observed in IR spectroscopy.
In IR spectroscopy,...
IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization01:21

IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization

Hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes show characteristic C–H stretching absorption bands. These IR stretching frequencies depend on the hybridization of the involved carbon atom and can be explained in terms of the s character of each hybridized atomic orbital.
Among the sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridized orbitals, sp orbitals have the maximum s character (50%). Consequently, the electrons are held more closely to the nucleus, resulting in stronger and shorter C–H bonds that stretch at a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Characterizing Far-infrared Laser Emissions and the Measurement of Their Frequencies
09:38

Characterizing Far-infrared Laser Emissions and the Measurement of Their Frequencies

Published on: December 18, 2015

Infrared absorption in chemical laser window materials.

J A Harrington, D A Gregory, W F Otto

    Applied Optics
    |February 19, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    Optical absorption in transparent materials for high-powered chemical lasers was measured. DF-HF laser calorimetry revealed surface and bulk absorption contributions, guiding material selection for laser windows.

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Optics
    • Laser Technology

    Background:

    • High-powered chemical lasers require transparent materials for windows.
    • Understanding optical absorption is crucial for material performance and durability.
    • DF and HF laser wavelengths present unique challenges for optical materials.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To measure optical absorption in various transparent materials at DF and HF wavelengths.
    • To differentiate between surface and bulk absorption contributions.
    • To identify promising materials for high-powered chemical laser windows.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized DF-HF chemical laser calorimetric methods for precise absorption measurements.
    • Investigated a diverse range of materials including alkaline earth fluorides, alkali halides, Ge, Si, ZnSe, MgO, Yttralox, and Al2O3.

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    Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

    Characterizing Far-infrared Laser Emissions and the Measurement of Their Frequencies
    09:38

    Characterizing Far-infrared Laser Emissions and the Measurement of Their Frequencies

    Published on: December 18, 2015

    Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing
    10:42

    Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing

    Published on: March 22, 2019

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    Published on: June 23, 2023

  • Analyzed absorption data in terms of both surface and bulk effects.

    • Main Results:

    • Quantified optical absorption across multiple transparent materials at specific laser wavelengths.
    • Differentiated the impact of surface versus bulk absorption on overall optical loss.
    • Provided comparative absorption data for various candidate laser window materials.

    Conclusions:

    • The study provides critical optical absorption data for selecting materials for high-powered chemical laser applications.
    • Understanding absorption mechanisms is key to optimizing laser window performance.
    • Results guide the development of more durable and efficient laser systems.