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Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...

IR Spectrum

IR Spectrum

When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
Transmittance is defined as the ratio of the radiant power passing through a sample to that from the radiation's source. Multiplying the transmittance by 100 gives the percent transmittance (%T), which varies between 100% (no absorption) and 0% (complete...

IR Spectrum Peak Intensity: Amount of IR-Active Bonds

IR Spectrum Peak Intensity: Amount of IR-Active Bonds

When infrared radiation is passed through a molecule, absorption occurs if the molecule's vibration leads to a substantial change in its bond dipole moment. Transitions between vibrational energy levels, typically corresponding to infrared frequencies (4000–400 cm−1), allow absorption if the vibration significantly alters the dipole moment, making the molecule infrared active. The molecular bonds have different stretching and bending vibrations, resulting in various peaks with varying...

Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview

Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview

Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
The ATR process begins by directing a beam...

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the C=O, C=N, and C=C occur between 1600–1850 cm−1.
The...

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Characterization of Biological Absorption Spectra Spanning the Visible to the Short-Wave Infrared

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Infrared bulk and surface absorption by nearly transparent crystals.

H B Rosenstock, D A Gregory, J A Harrington

|February 19, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a laser calorimetry method to measure bulk and surface absorption in materials. Surface absorption was found to be dominant across various optical materials and wavelengths.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Optical Engineering
Laser Physics

Background:

Accurate characterization of optical material absorption is crucial for high-power laser applications.
Distinguishing between bulk and surface absorption is essential for understanding material performance and degradation.
Existing methods may require multiple runs or complex setups to differentiate absorption components.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate a single-run laser calorimetry technique for simultaneous determination of bulk and surface absorption coefficients.
To apply the method to various optical materials (ZnSe, CaF2, NaF:Li, NaCl, KBr, KCl) at multiple infrared wavelengths (2.7, 3.8, and 10.6 micrometers).
To investigate the relative contributions of bulk versus surface absorption in these materials.

Main Methods:

Utilized a long rod geometry sample holder.
Developed an analytical solution to the heat equation for internal and surface laser heating.
Fitted the thermal rise curve to determine bulk absorption coefficient, surface absorption coefficient, and heat transfer coefficient, treating thermal diffusivity as known.
Measured temperature at multiple points during and after laser heating to constrain the fit.

Main Results:

Successfully deduced both bulk and surface absorption coefficients in a single experimental run.
Demonstrated the method's applicability across a range of optical materials and IR wavelengths.
Consistently found surface absorption to be the dominant absorption mechanism in all tested samples.

Conclusions:

The presented laser calorimetry method provides an efficient and accurate means to separate bulk and surface optical absorption.
Surface absorption plays a critical role in the overall optical losses of these materials, impacting laser performance.
This technique is valuable for material selection and quality control in optical component manufacturing.