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Related Concept Videos

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:15

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction01:15

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.
Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease01:27

Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a multidisciplinary field that examines how psychological factors, particularly stress, interact with the immune system and impact physical health. Research in PNI has shown that chronic or traumatic stress can disrupt both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. These disruptions contribute to serious health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases.
A key area of focus in PNI is the relationship between stress and coronary...
Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin create...
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

A Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Technique for Inducing Post-stroke Depression in Rats
04:38

A Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Technique for Inducing Post-stroke Depression in Rats

Published on: May 22, 2019

Post-stroke immunodepression and infection: an emerging concept.

Hedley C A Emsley1, Stephen J Hopkins

  • 1Department of Neurology, Royal Preston Hospital,Sharoe Green Lane, Preston, PR2 9HT, UK. h.emsley@liv.ac.uk

Infectious Disorders Drug Targets
|February 20, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Post-stroke infections are common and worsen outcomes. A key factor is post-stroke immunodepression, a suppressed immune state that increases infection risk and requires further clinical investigation.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

A Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Technique for Inducing Post-stroke Depression in Rats
04:38

A Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Technique for Inducing Post-stroke Depression in Rats

Published on: May 22, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Infectious Disease Epidemiology

Background:

  • Infections frequently complicate stroke recovery, negatively impacting patient outcomes.
  • While dysphagia, stroke severity, and age are known risk factors, post-stroke immunodepression is increasingly recognized as an independent contributor to infection susceptibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the mechanisms and clinical relevance of post-stroke immunodepression.
  • To identify potential markers for early detection of infection susceptibility in stroke patients.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental and clinical studies investigating immune system changes post-stroke.
  • Analysis of proposed mechanisms including hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation.
  • Examination of immune alterations such as reduced immune cell function, altered cytokine profiles, and lymphocyte apoptosis.

Main Results:

  • Stroke triggers counter-regulatory inflammatory responses leading to systemic immunodepression.
  • Observed immune changes include suppressed innate and adaptive immunity, reduced mononuclear phagocyte and natural killer cell function, and altered T lymphocyte activity.
  • Proposed pathways involve HPAA and SNS activation, contributing to a balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Post-stroke immunodepression significantly increases susceptibility to infections.
  • Understanding these immune pathways is crucial for managing stroke patients and developing targeted treatments.
  • Identifying early markers of immunodepression could aid in predicting infection risk and guiding therapeutic interventions.