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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever01:26

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is a severe tick-borne illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, a Gram-negative, coccobacillary bacterium. This pathogen is an obligate intracellular parasite, requiring a host cell for replication. Transmission occurs through the bite of an infected tick. In the United States, the most important vectors are Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick) and Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain wood tick), though other tick species may also serve as vectors.
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Poliomyelitis01:17

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...

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Vaccine failures after active immunisation against tick-borne encephalitis.

Charlotta Rydgård Andersson1, Sirkka Vene, Mona Insulander

  • 1Institution of Medicine, Unit for Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden. charlotta.rydgard-andersson@karolinska.se

Vaccine
|February 20, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Vaccine failures in tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) occur, presenting with delayed IgM antibody response. This highlights potential challenges in diagnosing TBE in vaccinated individuals, especially the elderly.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a significant central nervous system disease in Europe, endemic in Sweden with ~200 annual cases.
  • Active immunization is the most effective preventive measure against TBE, with current vaccines demonstrating high efficacy in field studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate cases of TBE in patients with documented adequate immunization.
  • To characterize the serological profile of vaccine failures in TBEV infection.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of clinical and serological data from 27 patients diagnosed with TBE despite vaccination.
  • Evaluation of antibody kinetics, specifically TBEV-IgM and IgG responses, in vaccinees who contracted TBE.

Main Results:

  • Vaccination failure in TBE is associated with a delayed and initially undetectable TBEV-IgM response.
  • A rapid rise in specific IgG and neutralizing antibodies was observed concurrently with the slow IgM development.
  • The majority of patients (70%) experiencing vaccine failure were over 50 years of age.

Conclusions:

  • TBE vaccine failures can be overlooked due to atypical antibody kinetics, particularly the delayed IgM response.
  • The findings suggest a potential need for modified immunization strategies for elderly individuals to enhance TBE protection.